Social Contract And Its Impact On Society - 796 Words

Each individual owes his or her success and happiness to the peace and the trustworthiness of their society. Conversely, each society owes its health and security to its altruistic and sincere members. Egotistic individuals, paralyzed by unhealthy obsessions, cannot form a healthy society. If a society is not healthy, it cannot provide shelter under its wings nor can it ensure felicity. It is the individuals that weave a society like a canvas; and in return the society looks after its members, supporting them and allowing them to attain the best of their celestial potential. Only through such a social contract can a society be balanced and promising, and can its members live in dignity and respect. A society of this caliber can offer the most convenient opportunities for the young to learn, and for the learned to share with others their innermost inspirations. In this kind of society, libraries will be packed with knowledge-seekers and learning will be the nature of its individuals; thoughts will reflect on prayers and prayers. Then the land will be a land of virtue, and its residents will overflow with felicity. An individual whose society is under siege by antagonism all around and in a constant state of decay cannot live with dignity and honor. In such a society, knowledge cannot be taught or learned; the faithful cannot fulfill their duties towards the Creator. Individuals cannot flourish in this society, especially if these individuals live side by side with enemiesShow MoreRelatedJohn Locke And Rousseau s Impact On Western Political Development1593 Words   |  7 Pagesthinkers, but maybe no other individuals had a greater impact on Western political development than John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Locke and Rousseau, at the core of their arguments, believed that mankind creates a social contract within society. However, Rousseau and Locke differ in their exact view of the social contract, but both agree that some individual rights must be sacrificed for the good of mankind, and that before there was society man lived in a state of nature. Their different interpretationsRead M oreSocial Contract Is The Formidable Obelisk For Peacebuilding And Statebuilding1269 Words   |  6 Pages Social Contract is the formidable obelisk for peacebuilding and statebuilding. One of the oldest and widely cited Social Contract theories is the one of theorist’s John Rawls. His theory proposed an objective perspective of the Social Contract concept that was rooted from medieval Europe, this widely accepted principle that â€Å"all men are by nature free and equal† (Lessnoff, 1990, p. 3) made Rawls disparate to his brethren who too theorized this concept. Rawls rendition of the theory was not onlyRead MoreEssay On John Locke And Thomas Hobbes1076 Words   |  5 Pagesdespite having almost opposite beliefs. While each individually influenced later documents and events such as the Declaration of Independence and the American Revolution, they had an equally big impact in history. Today, everyone recognizes natural rights and the modern system of government uses social contracts every day. Thomas Hobbes was born in 1588 in England. He was an Enlightenment philosopher, a scientist, and a historian. Hobbes was most popular for his political philosophies. In 1651, heRead MoreHobbes And Rousseau On The Social Contract Theory1625 Words   |  7 PagesRousseau on the Social Contract Theory The social contract theory focuses on the origin of states and laws, and the impact of regulated communities or states on individuals. All conceptions of the social contract theory can be harmonized to the individual desire for safety or security and the demand for fulfillment through a collective agreement which transforms the human dimension into an organized society from the primordial state. Rousseau was the first philosopher to coin the social contract terminologyRead MoreThomas Hobbes And The Constitutional Struggle1114 Words   |  5 PagesWhales who was also exiled. Hobbes believed that without a social contract people would come to live in a state of nature. Meaning that there would be no common way of life and people would live in fear of one another. Without the social contract there would be no authority to set up any laws. People would behave in anarchy and chaos. Society would only act on what benefit themselves instead of each other as a whole. This kind of society would only result in an upright war between the people livingRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke1346 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Contracts Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were two English political philosophers, who have had a lasting impact on modern political science. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke both spent much of their lives attempting to identify the best form of government. Locke and Hobbes were among the most prominent of theorists when it came to social contract and human rights. A Social Contract is an agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, areRead MoreHobbes And Rousseau s Views On The State Of Nature868 Words   |  4 Pagesviews on one central issue. For example Thomas Hobbes, and Jean Jacques Rousseau interpret a Man’s Nature very differently from each other. The discussion over Man’s Nature brings light to Hobbes underlying reason of why people established political societies, and Rousseau’s question of what causes a mans misery? In Hobbes case he believes that Men need to find self-protection in order to shield themselves from men’s natural state of misery and fear. On the other hand, Rousseau didn’t see it this wayRead MorePrinciples Of John Locke And The Declaration Of Independence1021 Words   |  5 PagesNatural Rights Philosophy. (35 points) FCA 2: Correct and consistent verb usage. (15 points) FCA 3: No unnecessary words and phrases; no repetition. (15 points) FCA 4: Concluding remarks that summarizes the focus of the essay and emphasizes the lasting impacts of these ideas. (35 points) Following, numerous years of tension and issues, including unfair taxation, and unlawful restrictions, Great Britain and the colonies, underwent a revolution resulting in their separation. Through their new found freedomRead MoreCase Study On Business Ethics965 Words   |  4 Pagesshould be done and what cannot and should not be done. Business contracts are lawfully binding. However, they are effectual with a robust ethical framework where parties observe and satisfy their contractual responsibilities. An efficient operative economy is enabled by competing for, acquiring and completing contracts ethically. In the case of engaging in unethical conduct a company may lose contracts, particularly government contracts, and waste resources in litigation while looking for damages.Read MoreThe Natural State Of Man910 Words   |  4 PagesThe natural state of man has been a reoccurring theme when reviewing the history of political philosophy and theory. This study has helped societies deve lop laws and common goals. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) theory is still strikingly relevant in today’s law and order. His main concern was how people lived: how to avoid war since people lived in defensive fear. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) challenged Hobbes’s philosophy. He says, â€Å"The passage from the state of nature to the civil state produces

Euthanasia Essay Euthanasia - 1262 Words

Keanne Zhang Instructor: Joel Tomfohr LA 202 Sep 29rd, 2014 Euthanasia I have born in Guangzhou, China, and spent long period of time living and studying in Hong Kong. Hong Kong impressed me the most is that people living there are embodying the spirit of freedom, and they can always stand out to fight for their right and freedom. I am a talkative person, and I can tell others what I am thinking very accurately. I am passionate of communicate with different people because this is a way to get to know more things about the world with fun. They tell me about their jobs, places that they have traveled, and delicious food they have eaten. Hearing their stories can make me feel like I have experienced what they did too. Therefore, I can never imagine how it would be like if I am not able to receive any message or communicate with people anymore. What brings me more sorrow is that when watching drama which includes scene that describe the main character unfortunately got into a car crash, and she end up live her whole life in vegetative state. I could not ima gine if this situation happens to me, how much pain I would bring to my family, and how do I live my live. Later, I realized that this has been a social issue for long when I see a real case. When I was in seventh grade, I had my best friend Kenny. He lives next to me and we studied at the same school. We always play in each other house before dinnertime. Life was happy and easy every day. Until, one day, I feel somethingShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia Essay : Euthanasia And Euthanasia863 Words   |  4 PagesThis is why Euthanasia is important and summarizing the research that I found on Euthanasia. Euthanasia is important because there is a lot of arguments about Euthanasia. Some people support it and some people do not support Euthanasia (Euthanasia and assisted suicide- Arguments). Euthanasia allows people to be free from physical pain. It is the hastening of death of a patient to prevent further sufferings (Euthanasia Revisited). The religious argument states God chooses when human life ends. EuthanasiaRead MoreEuthanasia Essays : Euthanasia And Euthanasia1432 Words   |  6 PagesDoes euthanasia assists patients to die with dignity? From fresh to dying, is the humanity multiplies the development natural law. Along with medicine progress and life enhancement, the people besides pay attention to eugenics, simultaneous starts to pay attention to the euthanasia. 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The euthanasia can take place in the privacy of your own home or you may choose to have it done at your veterinarian’s office. Your veterinarian may offer at home euthanasia or you may be able to locate a veterinary service that does at home euthanasia such as Home To Heaven. This is a personal choice and should be made with you and your pet’s comfort in mind. Additionally, you may want to decide if you wish to be present during the euthanasia. SomeRead More Euthanasia Essay2196 Words   |  9 Pages Here is another essay for you to use! Its alittle screwed up, but perhaps you can do something with it. It was a lot worse than this, it had strange marks all over it and the paragraphs were everywhere. I fixed it a bit, but I would go crazy if I stared at a computer screen any more!!!! Euthanasia, is one of the most controversial issues of our time. This diver issue raises many questions such as: how should decisions be made, and by whom? What should be determined as a matter of law and whatRead MoreEuthanasia Essay - Pro Euthanasia Argumentative Essay1148 Words   |  5 PagesImani Henry Mr. Dowie Honors English 9 1/13/17 Pro Euthanasia Argumentative Essay Euthanasia is the act of intentionally killing someone to end suffering, with and without their consent. This practice has been around since the beginning of time and has been practiced by different cultures all over the world. In the United States currently, only 5 states allow the option of euthanasia. All states throughout the USA should allow the act of euthanasia. Considering it is within the 1st amendment due toRead MoreEuthanasia Essay : Euthanasia The Right1403 Words   |  6 PagesEuthanasia the right to die whit dignity Euthanasia is one of the most historically debated, discussed topics in medicine, law and ethics. Doctors, religious, lawyers and relatives of terminally ill patients, leave testimonials that make us reflect on the topic. Right to die with dignity or live with pain and suffering? A question that we do ask when we live experiences of loved ones who suffer daily pain, having an undeserving life. Euthanasia is currently referring to the act of ending the lifeRead MoreEuthanasia Essay - The Legalization Of Euthanasia803 Words   |  4 PagesLegalization of Euthanasia [Speech Transcript] [Introduction] What is euthanasia? Euthanasia (derived from the Greek word euthanatos: eu- for good; thanatos for death) is the practice of intentionally ending a life in order to relieve intractable suffering. Intractable: adj. describes high complexity, which makes it difficult to change, manipulate, or resolve an issue. In this context, intractable suffering refers to terminal illnesses such as cancer, heart disease, or Ebola. TypesRead MoreEuthanasia Essay : Euthanasia And Morality1627 Words   |  7 PagesDenise Maranhao Professor Joseph Anderson Ethics across the professions November 29, 2014 Euthanasia (Euthanasia and morality) Could you pull the plug? Is mercy killing considered murder and should it be illegal under each and every circumstance? There are many questions and even more controversies when it comes to euthanasia and assisted suicide. There are those who believe euthanasia is immoral regardless of the situation, it is illegal and therefore always wrong. But most people have never beenRead More Non-Voluntary Euthanasia: The Future of Euthanasia Essay2932 Words   |  12 PagesNon-Voluntary Euthanasia: The Future of Euthanasia      Ã‚  Ã‚   Non-voluntary euthanasia seems to be the natural direction in which euthanasia practice evolves. In the Netherlands at the present time, there is a fear on the part of the aged, about being taken to the hospital - where the doctor may have the last word about life and death. This essay digs into this evolutionary process of voluntary euthanasia evolving into the non-voluntary type.    Advocates of legalised euthanasia almost always

Employment Relationship in a Korean Company-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Employment Relationship with their Colleagues in a Korean Company. Answer: Introduction The paper talks about the employment relationship with their colleagues in a Korean company. In the case study, it is clearly shown that how Lee faces a situation of being isolated from the team. The case study shows the Lee expression and feeling after joining the job. He found that no colleague wants to talk to him even the manager told he is rude. The paper includes the steps that Lee should take to retain in the organisation without impacting the work. Hofstedes culture dimension theory Hofstedes culture dimension theory is a framework that defines the cross-culture communication within the organization. It defines the effect of the society's culture on the values of its member. It shows the behavioral values of the employees in an organization (Rinuastuti, Hadiwidjojo, Rohman and Khusniyah, 2014). dimensions of the Hofstedes culture dimension In total there are 6 dimensions of the Hofstedes culture dimension theory which are explained below. Power- Distance index: - According to the Hofstede, power distance is an index in which less powerful employees feel that unequal power is distributed in the organization. In this case study, Lee being the member of the organization gave different innovative ideas to the company manager to bring improvement in the services. But on the same time manager neither listens to Lee nor implemented lee suggestion related to the business. Individualism vs. collectivism: - This shows the degree to which individuals are combined into groups. This culture shows that individual has personal goals which they want to fulfill. Working collectively will help in accomplishing the goals of the company. On the initial day, itself Lee showed that he was determined towards the job. He completed the allotted task by 5 pm and later he left for the day. This shows that he fulfilled his individual allotted task. Uncertainty-Avoidance index: - This dimension defines the way society or colleagues deals with the unknown or unexpected situations. In the case study, there is a high index which shows that the employees have less tolerant when Lee became the part of the organization. That is the reason organization employees started avoiding Lee as they were not able to accept Lee as their team member. Masculinity vs. femininity: - This dimension shows the role played by the men and women. In the masculine society, they are expected to behave assertively. In the case study, there is high masculine which has strong egos or values of their pride. That might be one of the reasons that the colleagues were not able to talk to Lee. Seeing the hard work and determination of Lee they get aggressive and they ignore whatever Lee do. Long-term Orientation vs. Short-term Orientation: - This dimension defines the connection of the past with the current and future actions and challenges. The situation of the Lee shows that the company is having a low level of an index. Lee is facing the situation of being ignored after putting affords on the work. There is possibility that Lee is not the first person who is facing this situation. Indulgence vs. Restraint: - This dimension defines the organization culture ability to satisfy the needs and personal desires of its employees (Nash, 2015). Lee being a member of the employee was willing to form a good relationship with the colleagues but he was not able to do so. This shows the organization culture of the Korean company that they are not able to accept the new member existence in their company. Steeps lee should take to retain in the company Lee can put some efforts to remain in the company without hampering the work. Finding another job in Korea is one of the difficult tasks to do. Lee should try to retain in the organization. The best way to deal with the situation is communication. Communication is the best way to understand the wants and desires of the colleagues and manager (Johnson, and Leydesdorff, 2015). Lee took a decision to arrange a meeting with the manager so that he can discuss the issues. This was the initial step which Lee took to understand the concern. The manager said that it was rude to leave the office before his superiors. Manager told dyed hair and casual clothes for the office are not allowed (Williams, and Scott, 2012). Over here, he needs to understand that he needs to be little professional and need to dress up well. Building professionalism: - Lee can try to bring professionalism in the way he dressed up. In every organization, it is etiquette to come in formals. Here, Lee needs to come in formal apparel instead of casuals. Lee also needs to avoid using hair color. Developing ethical values: - Lee is hard worker. He continued to finish work as soon as possible and leave the office before time. But considering this from an organization point of view this is not ethical right. Lee needs to understand the ethical values (what is right or wrong) (Jondle, Ardichvili, and Mitchell, 2014). Developing Soft communication skills: - As the manager given the feedback to Lee that he is being rude. After Acknowledging the feedback Lee should develop soft skills of communication. Hence, this will help Lee to communicate with the colleagues (Levasseur, 2013). Communication with the employees will help him to understand colleague's perception for him. Team work spirit: - He needs to understand team work spirit is essential. As he finishes his work early he should help his colleagues. Lee needs to understand that the whole team is working for achieving organizational goals. It is not about completing individual work, to complete the organisational goal team need to work together (Nguyen, Mai, and Nguyen, 2014). Individualistic employee An Individualistic employee plays an important role in the organization. These employees take responsibility for their own work; they cannot rely on others. Individualism creates healthy competition in the organization. This makes the other employees demonstrate their skills and capabilities (Webb Day, L. Holladay, K. Johnson, and G. Barron, 2014). The employees display a great amount of innovation and creativity as they consist of unique skills. In the case study, lee accomplished the task with his skills and capabilities in the short span of time. The way Korean manager should deal with the Individualistic employees Korean manager needs to build some skills to deal with more individualistic employees without losing the competitive advantage of a talented workforce. HR plays an important role in hiring a talented workforce. Further, it totally depends on how an employee feels in the organization. Nowadays individualistic employees are increasing in the organization. To retain those talented employees Korean manager needs to implement some activities (Hussain, and Rehman, 2013). Team Building Activities: - Manager needs to conduct team building activities in the organization which helps in enhancing the team building. Due to the emergence of the individualistic work atmosphere, colleagues don't communicate with each other. If these employees work together they will achieve goals effectively and efficiently. Motivation: - Motivation refers to as the set of forces that change the behavior of the employees towards the work. The manager needs to motivate the employees to increase the efficiency of the employees. Motivation can be done in the terms of monetary and not- monetary. Motivated employees always want to work outside of their specific job (Heathfield, 2017). Acknowledgement and resolution of problems of the employees: - Manager should acknowledge the problems of the employees and help them out. In every organization, HR makes sure that the manager is taking care of the employee's problem. The disputes may occur among the colleagues in the organization. The manager should try to solve the disputes. Implementation and acknowledgment of employee's suggestion: - The only source to interact with the customers is employees. Employees are the one who can give a new and innovative suggestion for enhancing the customer service. They have to deal with the customers on a daily basis which makes them understand the requirement of the customers. The manager should acknowledge the given suggestions and try to implement those suggestions. This enhances the morale of the employees. This makes them realize that they are valuable for the organizations. No discrimination should be done among the employees: - Manager should treat each and every employee equally and fairly. In the organization, the manager has to take many decisions either in favor or in against of the employee but the manager doesn't need to be biased (Ford, 2014). The ethical values should be followed by the manager. This will enhance the trust of the employees. Rewards, recognitions, appreciation, and promotions are effective ways to retain the talented workforce. The manager should acknowledge and appreciate the work of the employees. Above discussed are few points that talk about the activities that need to be conducted by the manager to retain the talented employees (Alias, Nor, and Hassan, 2016). Talented employees are becoming the competitive advantage as there is a shortage of skilled and talented workforce in Korea. These activities will help the employees to build a strong relationship with their colleagues. Through these activities, managers will also get to know more about their employees. Conclusion The above report is based on the analysis of the case study, in which Lee faced issues in the organization. Lee situation is explained in the document considering the Hofstedes culture dimension theory. It also includes the steps that need to be followed by Lee to retain in the organization. Further, there is a brief description of the activities that need to be followed by the company. References Alias, N.E., Nor, N.M. and Hassan, R., 2016. The Relationships Between Talent Management Practices, Employee Engagement, and Employee Retention in the Information and Technology (IT) Organizations in Selangor. In Proceedings of the 1st AAGBS International Conference on Business Management 2014 (AiCoBM 2014) (pp. 101-115). Springer, Singapore. Ford, R.T., 2014. Bias in the Air: Rethinking Employment Discrimination Law. Stan. L. Rev., 66, p.1381. Heathfield, S.M., 2017, Top 10 Ways to Retain Your Great Employees, Viewed on 23rd August 2017, https://www.thebalance.com/top-ways-to-retain-your-great-employees-1919038 Hussain, T. and Rehman, S.S., 2013. Do Human Resource Management Practices Inspire Employees Retention. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 6(19), pp.3625-3633. Johnson, M.W. and Leydesdorff, L., 2015. Beer's Viable System Model and Luhmann's Communication Theory:Organizations from the Perspective of Meta?Games. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 32(3), pp.266-282. Jondle, D., Ardichvili, A. and Mitchell, J., 2014. Modeling ethical business culture: Development of the ethical business culture survey and its use to validate the CEBC model of ethical business culture. Journal of Business Ethics, 119(1), pp.29-43. Levasseur, R.E., 2013. People skills: Developing soft skillsA change management perspective. Interfaces, 43(6), pp.566-571. Nash, M., 2015. Indulgence versus restraint: A discussion of embodied eating practices of pregnant Australian women. Journal of Sociology, 51(3), pp.478-491. Nguyen, T.N., Mai, K.N. and Nguyen, P.V., 2014. Factors Affecting Employees Organizational CommitmentA Study of Banking Staff in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Journal of Advanced Management Science Vol, 2(1), pp.7-11. Rinuastuti, H., Hadiwidjojo, D., Rohman, F. and Khusniyah, N., 2014. Measuring Hofstedes five cultural dimensions at individual level and its application to researchers in tourists behaviors. International Business Research, 7(12), p.143. Webb Day, J., L. Holladay, C., K. Johnson, S. and G. Barron, L., 2014. Organizational rewards: considering employee need in allocation. Personnel Review, 43(1), pp.74-95. Williams, D.K. and Scott, M.M., 2012, Five Ways to Retain Employees Forever, Viewed on 23rd August 2017, https://hbr.org/2012/11/five-ways-to-retain-employees

Management and Organisation on a Global Business Environment

Question: Describe about"management and organisation on a global business environment". Answer: Introduction Cultural differences are sometimes very difficult to observe and measure, but signified as the most important aspect in the globalised business market. According to Moran, Abramson and Moran (2014), the companies, which fail to understand the cultural value often lead to face strain relationships and embarrassing blunders. Moreover, the performance of the business can even dragged down due to such failure to understand of the cultural value of the nations. It is to be noted that the effects of such misinterpretation can sometimes cause the life-and-death situations for some of the globalised companies. Depending on such increasing demands of the economy, the global occurrences, prices, and supply chain management are impacted. De Mooij (2013) proclaimed that international trade is the major platform for the business traders to avail the opportunity to explore the services and products. In fact, various types of the goods and the services are available in the international market. It is to be indicated that the culture itself is considered as the group of people who have been working together for deriving benefits to their organisations. Aronczyk (2013) pointed out that national culture can be tangible or intangible during the team work performed by a group of the people. The cultural artefacts, norms, and values are somewhat connected to the diversified cultured people who are completely different to each other. The difference in the geographical position, religious development, and climate conditions are much prominent in such cases. One country includes diversified cultures and subcultures, which usually characterize the unique features of the organisational divisions (Wild, Wild and Han 2014). Such of these divisions are units, departments, different locations and so on. Working within a social group by collecting people is much promising for an organisation (Hill, Cronk and Wickramasekera 2013). In such cases, the focus on the societal benefits and the cultural differences would be preferable to maintain the organisational value. The study will be focusing on the understanding of the national culture, which is quite necessary for maintaining sustainability of the national and multinational company. The study will especially be focusing on the case of Woolworths Limited, which is the famous retail chain based on Australian retail market. Since, the company is trying to expand the brand efficiency by operating in the global market, it is important to understand the cultural value. The specification of the difference between the organisational culture and the national culture will be discussed in this study. Generally, it can be stated that the recognition of the dimensions would be signifying impact of the national culture that usually affect the globally operated corporations. Recognising these aspects will be conceptualised in the context of Woolworths. Purpose of the Study The major purpose of the study is to evaluate the importance of the national culture for the multinational corporations, which seek to operate the business globally. The focus on the subject matter is needed to be supported through the assimilations the conceptual discussions. Therefore, the study will be revealing the major components that are associated with the value of the national culture while operating the business in the global scenario. In addition, the comparison between the cultural traits in the national and international context will also specify the purpose of the study. Background of the Organisation Woolworths was found in the year of 1924 in Sydney and is renowned as the famous retail store in the Australian market. The company is even signifying the most trustable and recognised brands in the Australian Supermarket. The motto of the company is to create the world class customer experience with the establishment of the sustainability management. The diversified brands like Endeavour Drinks Group, Master Home Improvement, Woolworths Money, ALH Group, and Woolworths Rewards have created the significant impact on the customers (Woolworthslimited.com.au 2016). However, the company has been focusing much on the sustainability development to ensure the business expansion in the international market. The major focus of the company is thus reflecting the diversity management, which is associated with the cultural influences on the internationalized corporate scenario. The company has been even signifying the strengthened position in maintaining the corporate social responsibilities (Wo olworthslimited.com.au 2016). The excellent progress towards achieving the sustainability targets is quiet commendable and this has made the company trustworthy. More specifically, the different initiatives undertaken by the company to maintain the sustainability and promote the diversity program are reflecting the positive impact on the cultural values. However, the focus is needed to be based on the national cultural aspects, which are the major obstacles for the corporations operating globally. In keeping concentration on such aspects, the recommendations would be associated accordingly. Cultural Values in Woolworths Limited (Progress towards Sustainability Approaches) In considering the cultural values within the organisational context of Woolworths, it is required to understand the value of the cultures maintained in the organisational workforces. According to Ferraro and Brody (2015), the maintenance of the diversity is necessary within an organisational environment and this encourages the employees to determine their long-term career goals. Grant OBrien, the CEO of Woolworths stated, Whether someone is looking for a long term career, a technical skill, a casual job or just the chance to have a go, we can provide this for them. At Woolworths we are committed to having a diverse workforce (Woolworthslimited.com.au 2016). It is noted that Woolworth is marked as the first Australian retailer, which has introduced the leaves related to the parental purposes. It was recognized that in the year of 2013, almost 2,278 employees were benefitted with such leaves. However, the most significant movement undertaken by Woolworths was the signing of landmark a greement with Australian Government in the year of 2012. As per this agreement, the people with diverse background including people with disability, indigenous people, old workers, and the people with long term unemployment can participate in the work programs. Moreover, the agreement indicates that these employees will be able to avail the opportunity to get the proper training session based on the innovative job creation. In June 2011, the Reconciliation Action Plan was launched and it was observed the number of the indigenous employees increased up to 2,506. It is noted that the plan attempts to assist the prevention of the gaps between non-indigenous ad indigenous people working within the same organisational environment. There are four major pillars associated with the formulation of such plan and these are as follows: Relationships: The first focus is to establish the positive working relationships with both the internal and the external stakeholder groups and the leaders in the community. Opportunities: The continuous process is enabling the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australian for facilitating the raining, employment, business, and education opportunities with Woolworths. The initiative undertaken by the company is considering both the formal and the informal access to the work related programs. More specifically, working with the small businesses along with the community investment programs has been considering the high range of the stores with high indigenous customer base. Respect: The development of the cultural understanding within the business environment has been encouraging the company to avail more opportunities as well as creating several policies and protocols. Reporting: The Company has been concentrating on keeping the records, monitoring the progress, and tracking the efficiencies of the outcomes. The above segments are reflecting the workplace diversity and the cultural evaluation necessary for the sustainability management. The key highlights associated with the business practices are much remarkable. It is noted that almost 53.6% of the female workforces are associated with the organisational activities. In fact, the women are provided with the leadership roles to manage the organisational purposes (Dunning 2014). The maintenance of the flexibility in the workplace scenario is thus concerning the opportunity to establish the business in the international market by considering such cultural influences. Dimensions of the National Culture Geert Hofstede, the Dutch social psychologist introduced culture as the set of behavioural rules that are needed to be maintained by the group of people. He has identified the five diversified dimensions related to such cultural values and has taught the cooperation within the evaluation of the human essentials. These diversified dimensions included in the Hofstedes Model are discussed further: Power Distance: As opined by Brewer and Venaik (013), the power distance dimension is considered as the literal management layer that connects the employees with upper authority. It is to be indicated that the individual contractor needs to report to the manager, manager needs to present the report to the director, director to the vice president, and vice president report to the CEO of the company (Hill, Cronk and Wickramasekera 2013). Unger, Rank and Gemnden (2014) revealed that the Power Distance Index (PDI) is mainly concentrating on the degree of equality and inequality. PDI Characteristic Tips High PDI Centralized Organisation Identified gaps in author, compensation, and respect Complex hierarchy Acknowledging the status of the leaders. Low PDI Equality between the employees and supervisors Higher delegate Involving the decision-making process, which can be affected directly Table 1: Power Distance Index In keeping concentration on the higher PDI, it has been seen that the employees accept the inequality and the hierarchical distribution associated within an organisational scenario (Unger, Rank and Gemnden 2014). Employees need to understand the power specifications of the higher authority which drives the changes and lead the organisation towards progress (Venaik and Brewer 2016). More specifically, it can be mentioned that the cultural dimensions are representing the independent preferences for considering one state of affairs over another countries. The uniqueness of the individuals is therefore determined in this aspect. Zheng et al. (2012) even made a point in supporting such statement and it was stated that the culture is needed to be used by making the proper comparison between the power distances. Hence, the organisation may knock down the structural implication to connect the employees with the senior level. The power distance is even defining the ranking of the individuals in a society or in a company (Venaik and Brewer 2013). It has been seen that this is mostly used in the sociological and psychological studies. Some of the characteristics are associated with the power distance dimension in this Hofstedes model. The large power distance indicates the autocratic leadership, which describes the authoritarian decision-making (Ho, Wang and Vitell 2012). In such cases, the employees need to consider the power of the upper management and have to work as per their instructions (Venaik and Brewer 2013). Along with such autocratic style, this particular form is also described as the paternalistic management style and centralized authority. One can generally classify the power distance into low power and the high power. The point of view of the individual is necessary in this particular segment, which is indicating the different cultural value in the society. It is true that recognition of the high power distance is generally reflecting the reality of life (F ullan 2014). Within an organisation, the decision made by the higher authority can determine the organisational practices (Taras, Steel and Kirkman 2012). Hence, while one company is trying to operate the business globally, it is required to understand the importance of power distance. Difference between Small and Large Power Distance: The difference between such small and large power distance are structured in the table below: Small Power Distance Large Power Distance In the small power distance the use of power is needed to be authentic and subjected to the justified criteria of good or bad. The hierarchy is related to the inequality of roles and depended on the convenience Consultation is needed to be consulted Large power distance does not deal with legitimate functionality Hierarchy determines the existential inequality Larger power distance commands over the subordinates Table 2: Difference between Small and larger power distance In exploring the key concept of power distance, it can be inferred that if someone belongs to one culture that has been highlighting the high power distance; the person will view the society as the real form of the hierarchal power. In such cases, people tend to accept the reality and consider the authoritarian power and work accordingly (De Mooij 2013). The subordinates simply acknowledge the power of the superior people as per the hierarchy. People usually follow the leader to maintain their position in the society (Ferraro and Brody 2015). The orders received from the higher authority are hardly questions due to such power distance. Figure 1: Hofstedes five cultural dimensions Individualism: This dimension of the model has been signifying the unique characteristic attributes of the employees as well as the formulation of integrated collective group. In other words, it can also be stated that the individualism refers to the culture of the self-oriented members that reflects in their behaviour. Lim and Park (2013) pointed out that the culture of the individualists can be placed as higher value based attributes that determines the individual achievement and the self-interests. The collectivism is the opposite form of individualism (Berger 2014). In this aspect, the collectivism refers to the societal purposes, which has no link with the individual characteristics. The difference between the individualism and collectivism is presented further: Individualism Collectivism People usually are concentrating on their own selves and their current family People focus on extending families and protect them in exchange of the loyalties. Right of privacy Belonging stress Classified as individuals Classified as group Present their personal opinion Consulting with the group Task prevails over relationships Relationships prevails over tasks Table 3: Difference between Individualism and Collectivism Individualism is considered as the political philosophy, social outlook, or the moral stance that influence the moral worth of the individuals (Shafritz, Ott and Jang 2015). It has been seen that the individuals usually promote the practices that are necessary in accomplishing the pre-determined goals. It is even helpful for recognising the self-worth and makes a person self-reliable. The advocacies related to the individual interests are needed to be achieved through the preferences over any social group or a state (Taras et al. 2014). On the other hand, opposing the external interference upon the interests of others by the institutions or any society can also be considered in this segment (Antonczyk, Breuer and Salzmann 2014). The basic focus of the individualism is to define the fundamental premises, which consider the human individual as the primary importance. Therefore, the individualism is often described as the right of the individual to freedom and self-realization. The position of the individualism in a society can sometimes be controversial. On the contrary, it has been seen that the person can take the attempt to identify the self-interests depending on the personal needs (Ferraro and Brody 2015). In such cases, the individualists disobey the social structure in a prominent manner. Lee, Scandura and Sharif (2014) ensured that one of the most common traits on an individualist is the independent thinking. In fact, a form of ignorance can also be noticed in the behavioural trait of an individualist. Masculinity and Femininity: In considering the masculinity dimension, the societal preferences are depended on the achievements. Some of the researches related to this dimension are specifying the values based on genders. Firstly, it has been seen the value of the woman slightly differ from that of the value of men in the society. On the other hand, it is seen that the value of the men varies from one country to another by containing the assertive dimensions. In case of the internationalized companies, this assertiveness is also much required (Venaik and Brewer 2013). In some of the cases, the value of men determines the competitiveness in considering the value of the women. In feminine countries, the same modesty has been found while in the masculine country, the reflection of the competitiveness has been featured. The gap between the values of men and women is also being featured in such cases. However, the differences between the value of masculinity and femininity are presented f urther: Masculinity Femininity The maximum amount of the emotional and the differentiation between social roles are found. Fewer amounts of the emotional and diversified social roles are foreseen. Work usually prevails over the family members Maintenance of the balance between the family and work is recognised Men should be assertive and women may sometimes be assertive and ambitious. Both men and women are needed to be caring and modest Boys usually fight back and they never cry. On the other hand, girls usually cry and have not got the authority to fight back. Both the boys and girls can cry but they never should fight back. Sympathy is shown for the weak Admirations are for the strong personalities Both the mothers and fathers have to deal with the facts and the feelings Mothers deal with the feelings and fathers deal with the facts The number of children should be decided by the mother Fathers usually decide the number of the children Many woman can take participations on the elected political parties Few of the women have the authority to participate on the elected political parties. Religions are mainly based on the human beings Religions are mainly based on the gods and goddesses. Table 4: Differences between Masculinity and Femininity Unger, Rank and Gemnden (2014) mentioned that the masculinity is usually signifying the traits of the male as recognised by the society. On the contrary, as opined by Zheng et al. (2012), the femininity is considered as the traditional thoughts of conventional traits that are possessed by the individuals. Such of these traits are carefulness, supportive, and something surrounding the relationship attributes. It is to be notified that each of the types is responding to the societal matters in diversified ways. In case of the business companies, the audiences play such roles of responding in different manners (Budhwar and Debrah 2013). In this regards, the communicators need to realize the relevant culture that is needed to be accepted for surviving in a society. Masculine cultures are mostly depended on the male gender roles, which are mainly associated with the success, value, and competition. The assimilation of the power, dominance, assertiveness, and the material success is forese en within such traits of the behaviour. According to Moran, Abramson and Moran (2014), this particular dimension has been signifying the measurement of the organisational personality against the stereotypes culture of masculinity and femininity. Most importantly, one company with the nature of the masculinity is mainly operating the business with more assertiveness and the competiveness. On the other hand, the feminine culture within an organisation is mostly associated with the modesty and care approaches. Hence, the employees are always shown the ways of their leaders. If the leaders tend to focus on the masculine traits, the assertiveness as well as the competitiveness will be huge in amount. Similarly, the feminism culture would specify the modesty and caring accordingly. Following the path of the masculine nature would encourage the employees to be more competitive towards the competitors. Simultaneously, following the feminism within an organisation would lead the employees to wards acquiring the trait of tolerance and compassions. Uncertainty Avoidance: Lee, Scandura and Sharif (2014) explained that the uncertainty avoidance differs from the risk avoidance. The uncertainty avoidance is much influenced by tolerance for ambiguity. To be very specific, it can be mentioned that the indication of the uncertainty avoidance is justifying the extent of providing the comforts to the members of the cultural program. The application of several codes of conduct, rules, regulations, and laws are effective enough in preventing such uncertain situations. There are some of the classifications are seen between the weak and string uncertain avoidance. These are shown below: Strong Uncertainty Avoidance Weak Uncertainty Avoidance Involvement of the higher stress, anxiety, emotionality, and neuroticism Low stress, low anxiety, ease, and self-control. The inherent life seems to be surrounded with more threats that are needed to be solved out The inherent life is associated with acceptability and each of the day can be survived Require the clarifications and structured methods Quite comfortable with chaos and ambiguity Rules are required for the emotional state of mind if it is not being controlled. Written and unwritten rules are eliminated. Score is low in considering the well-being and subjective health Score is high in considering the well-being and subjective health Staying in jobs is tough and disliked Job can be changed frequently The belief in ultimate truth is associated with the religious views as well as the philosophies. Citizens usually feel more competent towards the authorities in case of the political scenario. Intolerance is found Tolerance is the major trait Table 5: Difference between Strong and Weak Uncertainty Avoidance Societies It is to be noted that people tend to control their lives as per their wishes and expectations. The societies, which are much fused towards the uncertainty avoidance, more likely to be attempting the predictable life. However, once they feel that they cannot get hold of such society or lives, they usually stop trying to chase their wishes. These people usually put their faith on Gods. The model of Hofstede deals with the measurement of the employees comfort level with the evaluation of the unstructured environments. When any of the surprising events take place, many of the people are unable to tolerate such conditions. In determining the organisational scenario, the structure is needed to be depended on the efficiency and safety (Zheng et al. 2012). Any organisation associated with the creative skills is much influenced by the cultural flexibility and problem solving traits. If the employee cannot find the required comfort while dealing with a global organisation, it will be harmful for the company to acquire the profitability. The employee who is much fond of planning each moment of the working life might get frustrated too easily in such situations. Long Term Orientation: The long term orientation usually refers to the degree to which people explain their extent of being inexplicable. This long term orientation is somewhat related to the nationalism and religiosity (Taras et al. 2014). This particular dimension is added currently and due to such reason, the information regarding such dimension is very less. However, it is noted that this particular dimension has the linking with the eastern culture in time of the Chinese leader Confucius (Venaik and Brewer 2013). The dimension is usually concentrating on the measurement of the long term values and is completely against of the short term values. In this structure, the leaders are highly respected. It has been seen that the employers with the lesser measurement of the long-term orientation signify the stability and maintain the customs, which is reflecting the reciprocating favours and rewards from others. The dimensions based on the natural culture are signifying the cultural value and the diversifications associated in the society (Schneider, Ehrhart and Macey 2013). Company like Woolworths need to identify the proper dimensions while expanding the business globally. Even though the organisational cultures are much influenced by the national cultures, there are some of the significant differences are also foreseen (Fullan 2014). The description of the differentiation between the organisational culture and national culture is provided further: Organisational Culture versus National Culture The superior strength of the national culture and the organisational culture depends on the consequences. It is to be indicated that whether it is national culture or the organisational culture, both have the significant impact on the lives of the people (Li et al. 2013). It is sometimes rare for the employees. In fact, the corporations which have been operating globally may face the potential challenges and conflicts in adjusting with such diversified changes. Brigham et al. 2014) pointed out that the culture of a country signifies the formal traits whereas the organisational culture mostly signifies the informal traits. The result derived from such shared values, behaviours of the population group, and preferences are different to each of the segments. In case of the formulation of of the sub-groups, the preferences are also different to each other. On the other hand, in describing the organisational culture, the establishment of the align behaviours and common values are taken into consideration as the benefits. Antonczyk, Breuer and Salzmann (2014) revealed other different forces can also shape the organisational culture. In many of the corporate firms, use of the corporate ethics guidelines and employee handbook is required. Apart from these, the written value definitions as well as the other tools are also necessary for determining this type of alignment with the national culture (Ferraro and Brody 2015). The previous researches cannot present the justified answer in defining the alignment between the organisational culture and the national culture. Some of the published results have presented some useful materials regarding such subject matter. However, the debate is based on the superiority of the power between these two cultures. It is to be indicated that there is no scope of assuming the strengthened capacity of the corporate culture, which sometimes create influence on the national culture (Cavusgil et al. 2014). When employees are trying to respond in focusing on the national culture, the conflict with the organisational culture takes place more prominently. Therefore, many of the corporations seek for recruiting only those who are compatible with their organisational cultures and perform the business practices accordingly (Berger 2014). Some of the changes in the several segments of the organisational culture are required in such cases. Simultaneously, some of the stages are needed to be developed accordingly for resolving such conflicts, which can make the foreigners feel much comfortable in dealing with the companies. However, the compromise with the national culture is much required in such cases. Some of the theorists developed the dimensions to evaluate differences foreseen in the national culture. It is to be interpreted that the influence of such diversified cultures may create the significant impact on the foreign employees while they have been dealing with the foreign stakeholders (Herzfeld 2014). More specifically, the managers usually face the potential challenges while recruiting people from different cultural background. Banks (2015) explained that the national cultures are mainly concentrated on the deep rooted value in determining the respective cultures (Ang and Van Dyne 2015). The cultural values associated with such aspect have been structuring the expectation of the people to maintain the strengthened and transparent relationship with the leaders. However, such of these expectations are needed to be balanced between the employees and the employers. In some of the cases, it is seen that the cultural distance cause the conflicts and problems for the companies, wh ich are operating the business globally. During the recruitment process, the company may ensure the benefits of establishing the unified organisational cultures (Shafritz, Ott and Jang 2015). The major difference between these two cultures is that while national culture is found to be associated with the values of the culture, the corporate culture is based on the diversified corporate practices. The international companies are needed to be accustomed with such cultural value that can be helpful in expanding the business across the borders and achieve the success accordingly (Cavusgil et al. 2014). The practices found in the national culture can sometimes be difficult in managing people to make them socialize. It is to be noted that not every company get benefitted y recruiting the people from diversified cultural background. The corporate culture has to cope with the differences existed in the national culture (Ang and Van Dyne 2015). On the contrary, many of the corporations usually exploit the cultural differences to und erstand the core value of the cultural competence. Necessity of the dimensional model The continuous changes in world may sometimes affect the cultural values for both the nationalism and the corporate aspect. Hence, it is important to create the dimension paradigm that will be helpful to understand the underpinning logic and diversified implications of change (Ferraro and Brody 2015). Some of the critics have presented their argumentative suggestions, which indicate that the dimensions are needed to be extended in considering the frequent changes in the Globe. However, while analysing the statistical concept, it has been seen that majority of the dimensions are already exist. Moran, R.T., Abramson and Moran (2014) explained that these statistical paradigms require the proper validation by ensuring the establishment of the effective correlation. The assimilation of the external measurement is also much required in such cases (De Mooij 2013). More specifically, it can be inferred that the huge numbers of the dimensions are generally small in structure. Scope for Woolworths in operating globally The above discussion has been specifying the dimensional view of the natural culture. It is true that Woolworths has been promoting the diversifying cultural programs for the organisation to maintain the sustainability. However, while expanding business in the international market, it is required to keep the concentration on the local culture. It is a retail chain and it requires the customer base for determining the achievement of the business objectives. While establishing the business infrastructure in the foreign countries or in the international market, it is required to identify the cultural traits of the local societies. The identification of their needs would be considered as the driving force for maintaining sustainability. However, in some of the cases, majority of the global corporations fail to manage the dimensional aspects. Being a local retail sector, Woolworths needs to keep the business standards high to operate globally. Dealing with the diversified cultured people is quite a difficult aspect to perform. In fact, while operating globally, the company would require the local people to be associated with the business practices. For example, if the western culture aligns with the eastern culture, the possibilities of conflicts may arise. More specifically, if Woolworths need to expand their business in Asian countries, the difference between the cultural traits may clash. In such case, the occurrence of any of the conflicts may prove to be much harmful for the business establishment. Conclusion The study has been considering the difference between the national culture and the corporate culture. To be very specific, it can be stated that the study has been featuring the impact of the national culture on the corporations, which are operating the business practices globally. The changes in the global market have been very frequent in these current times. The study is associated with the generalised idea of the business practices maintained by Woolworths, the famous retail brand in Australian market. It is to be noted that the comoany has been maintaining the cultural traits in a commendable manner. Therefore, the company has been promoting the diversity aspect to maintain the cultural differences among the employees and facilitate the business programs. The agreement of Reconciliation Action Plan for promoting the diversity program is providing the opportunities to the indigenous people. However, in considering the national cultures, the dimension model of Hofstede has been de fined. References Ang, S. and Van Dyne, L., 2015.Handbook of cultural intelligence. Routledge. Antonczyk, R.C., Breuer, W. and Salzmann, A.J., 2014. Long-term orientation and relationship lending: a cross-cultural study on the effect of time preferences on the choice of corporate debt.Management International Review,54(3), pp.381-415. Aronczyk, M., 2013.Branding the nation: The global business of national identity. Oxford University Press. Banks, J.A., 2015.Cultural diversity and education. Routledge. Berger, T.U., 2014. Norms, Identity, and National Security.Security Studies: A Reader. Brewer, P. and Venaik, S., 2013. National culture dimensions are national, not individual. InAIBSEAR 2013: Academy of International Business Southeast Asia Regional Conference. Brigham, K.H., Lumpkin, G.T., Payne, G.T. and Zachary, M.A., 2014. Researching Long-Term Orientation A Validation Study and Recommendations for Future Research.Family Business Review,27(1), pp.72-88. Budhwar, P.S. and Debrah, Y.A. eds., 2013.Human resource management in developing countries. Routledge. Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J.R., Rammal, H.G. and Rose, E.L., 2014.International business. Pearson Australia. Chung, J.E., 2014. Does Small Retailer Market Orientation Matter for Long Term Oriented Relationships with Suppliers?.Journal of Small Business Management,52(4), pp.790-807. Cnx.org, 2016. OpenStax CNX. [online] Cnx.org. Available at: https://cnx.org/contents/1ttgPM0x@4.2:PQPi2G97@4/Doing-business-across-cultures [Accessed 24 May 2016]. De Mooij, M., 2013. On the misuse and misinterpretation of dimensions of national culture.International Marketing Review,30(3), pp.253-261. De Mooij, M., 2013.Global Marketing and Advertising: Understanding Cultural Paradoxes: Understanding Cultural Paradoxes. Sage Publications. Dunning, J.H., 2014.The Globalization of Business (Routledge Revivals): The Challenge of the 1990s. Routledge. Ferraro, G. and Brody, E.K., 2015.Cultural Dimension of Global Business. Routledge. Ferraro, G. and Brody, E.K., 2015.Cultural Dimension of Global Business. Routledge. Fullan, M., 2014.Leading in a culture of change personal action guide and workbook. John Wiley Sons. Herzfeld, M., 2014.Cultural intimacy: Social poetics in the nation-state. Routledge. Hill, C.W., Cronk, T. and Wickramasekera, R., 2013.Global business today. McGraw-Hill Education (Australia). Ho, F.N., Wang, H.M.D. and Vitell, S.J., 2012. A global analysis of corporate social performance: The effects of cultural and geographic environments.Journal of Business Ethics,107(4), pp.423-433. Lee, K., Scandura, T.A. and Sharif, M.M., 2014. Cultures have consequences: A configural approach to leadership across two cultures.The Leadership Quarterly,25(4), pp.692-710. Li, K., Griffin, D., Yue, H. and Zhao, L., 2013. How does culture influence corporate risk-taking?.Journal of Corporate Finance,23, pp.1-22. Lim, H. and Park, J.S., 2013. The effects of national culture and cosmopolitanism on consumers adoption of innovation: A cross-cultural comparison.Journal of International Consumer Marketing,25(1), pp.16-28. Moran, R.T., Abramson, N.R. and Moran, S.V., 2014.Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Moran, R.T., Abramson, N.R. and Moran, S.V., 2014.Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Schneider, B., Ehrhart, M.G. and Macey, W.H., 2013. Organizational climate and culture.Annual review of psychology,64, pp.361-388. Shafritz, J., Ott, J. and Jang, Y., 2015.Classics of organization theory. Cengage Learning. Shi, W.S., Yang, H. and Prescott, J.E., 2013, January. The impact of long-term orientation on decision making process. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2013, No. 1, p. 14772). Academy of Management. Taras, V., Sarala, R., Muchinsky, P., Kemmelmeier, M., Singelis, T.M., Avsec, A., Coon, H.M., Dinnel, D.L., Gardner, W., Grace, S. and Hardin, E.E., 2014. Opposite ends of the same stick? Multi-method test of the dimensionality of individualism and collectivism.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,45(2), pp.213-245. Taras, V., Steel, P. and Kirkman, B.L., 2012. Improving national cultural indices using a longitudinal meta-analysis of Hofstede's dimensions.Journal of World Business,47(3), pp.329-341. Unger, B.N., Rank, J. and Gemnden, H.G., 2014. Corporate innovation culture and dimensions of project portfolio success: The moderating role of national culture.Project Management Journal,45(6), pp.38-57. Vaara, E., Sarala, R., Stahl, G.K. and Bjrkman, I., 2012. 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Tools techniques for the on

Economic Geography

Economic Geography Economic geography is a sub-field within the larger subjects of geography and economics. Researchers within this field study the location, distribution, and organization of economic activity around the world. Economic geography is important in developed nations such as the United States because it allows researchers to understand the structure of the areas economy and its economic relationship with other areas around the world. It is also important in developing nations because the reasons and methods of development or lack thereof are more easily understood. Because economics is such a large topic of study so too is economic geography. Some topics that are considered economic geography include agritourism, the economic development of various countries and gross domestic and gross national products. Globalization is also extremely important to economic geographers today because it connects much of the worlds economy. History and Development of Economic Geography The field of economic geography continued to grow as European nations later began to explore and colonize different regions around the world. During these times European explorers made maps describing economic resources such as spices, gold, silver and tea that they believed would be found in places like the Americas, Asia and Africa (Wikipedia.org). They based their explorations on these maps and as a result, new economic activity was brought to those regions. In addition to the presence of these resources, explorers also documented the trading systems that the people native to these regions engaged in. In the mid-1800s farmer and economist, Johann Heinrich von Thà ¼nen developed his model of agricultural land use. This was an early example of modern economic geography because it explained the economic development of cities based on land use. In 1933 geographer Walter Christaller created his Central Place Theory that used economics and geography to explain the distribution, size, and number of cities around the world. By the end of World War II general geographic knowledge had increased considerably. Economic recovery and development following the war led to the growth of economic geography as an official discipline within geography because geographers and economists became interested in how and why economic activity and development was occurring and where it was around the world. Economic geography continued to grow in popularity throughout the 1950s and 1960s as geographers attempted to make the subject more quantitative. Today economic geography is still a very quantitative field that mainly focuses on topics such as the distribution of businesses, market research and regional and global development. In addition, both geographers and economists study the topic. Todays economic geography is also very reliant on geographic information systems (GIS) to conduct research on markets, the placement of businesses and the supply and demand of a given product for an area. Topics within Economic Geography Theoretical economic geography is the broadest of the branches and geographers within that subdivision mainly focus on building new theories for how the worlds economy is arranged. Regional economic geography looks at the economies of specific regions around the world. These geographers look at local development as well as the relationships that specific regions have with other areas. Historical economic geographers look at the historical development of an area to understand their economies. Behavioral economic geographers focus on an areas people and their decisions to study the economy. Critical economic geography is the final topic of study. It developed out of critical geography and geographers in this field attempt to study economic geography without using the traditional methods listed above. For example, critical economic geographers often look at economic inequalities and the dominance of one region over another and how that dominance impacts the development of economies. In addition to studying these different topics, economic geographers also often study very specific themes related to the economy. These themes include the geography of agriculture, transportation, natural resources, and trade as well as topics such as business geography. Current Research in Economic Geography Journal of Economic Geography Each of these articles is interesting because they are very different from one another but they all focus on some aspect of the worlds economy and how it works.

Operations Management and Tesco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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Britains Recent Credit Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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How Can Health Care Professionals Effectively Deal Sociologically With Issues Of Domestic Violence In Pregnancy - Essay Example This essay stresses that surprisingly, and in contrast to previous research on women residing in domestic violence shelters, emotional support was not a significant predictor of mental health when severity of violence was controlled. Practical aid, however, predicted both anxiety and self-esteem. This finding is consistent with the only shelter study that compared emotional and practical supports. This paper makes a conclusion that there are several important intervention implications from this study. First, critical support plays a key role in the mental health of women who have violent partners. Thus, support for women in violent relationships must avoid criticism of their lives and decisions. Clearly, the ability to talk about the abuse in an empathic, non-critical environment is an important key to positive mental health for these women. Because homophily was related to criticism in this study, it may be that advocates, rather than homophilous peer support groups, provide the most effective interventions. In addition, practical aid, rather than emotional support, was related to positive mental health. Thus, concrete assistance with daily life hassles and challenges should be a high priority for agencies serving battered women. Finally, the positive relationship between nonhomophilous supporters and mental health suggests that agencies might assist battered women in locatin g new sources of support in order to develop a social network composed of more women who have not been battered

Polygamy and monogamy practices

Polygamy and monogamy practices Since creation, according to bible, God created man and woman as well as animals which were both male and female. In such a situations where there exists animals of different sex, it allows the reproduction and stability of one generation after another generation. Human beings are known social beings, and in most cases need one another to survive, therefore its difficult to exclusively depend on themselves. To produce offspring, they usually marry and have children which in turn, becomes the standard of creation for the human population. Even though we all share the similarity of being human beings, there still exists differences in what we believe in and the values that we attach to various things. One of these things, is the topic of marriage, which by definition, is a reunion of a man and a woman to come together and live together as a husband and wife. Due to the diverse objectives that people have in marriage, some people consider that having one wife (monogamy) is the ideal met hod, whereas others believe in having a number of wives (polygamy) (Family,2009). This paper seeks to have an in-depth look at the two issues; polygamy and monogamy by looking at what the proponents of each thinks about it as well as look at countries that have practiced them. It will also look at pros and cons of each as well, and why people should respect one another despite which side they take. Last but not least, the paper will analyze the cultural beliefs of the two groups and dig deeper on why they hold on their beliefs and reasons they give to support their stand. Monogamy, is one of the most widely used form of marriage and its supporters believe in one man/woman to one wife/husband. Monogamy is derived from the Greek word mono, which means alone, and gamos, meaning re-union or marriage. It is believed that the majority of the human race practice monogamy as opposed to polygamy. One benefit considered of monogamy, is that it increases the chances of offspring survival because the parents collaborate together and raise the child ( Edward,1928). This perception does seem to be changing with time due to complexities of fast paced, modern life though. In the past, it was common for men to go to work while the woman was supposed to maintain the house hold duties, which also included raising the children. The modern world has changed this though, and now there is no distinct roles between men and women. Equally now, both must work hard to cope and deal with the challenges of modern life. Monogamy can be categorized and broken into four groups: soci al monogamy, sexual monogamy, marital monogamy and genetic monogamy. There exists small differences between these groups and that is why this paper all discussion will be centered on the man and woman perspective of monogamy. Many communities have in the past and are currently now practicing monogamy. Monogamy is as old as Adam and Eve, for during creation, God created one woman and one man. It is anticipated by some people that Christianity has a connection with the origin of monogamy ( Edward,1928). Europe just happens to be one of the countries where Christianity took its toll and spread rapidly. Before Christianity, Europe practiced polygamy. The roman culture believed in monogamy to such an extent that those who failed to observe the rules, faced dire consequences. Due to the severe penalties, some people even went to the extent of killing their wives so that they could have an opportunity of marrying another one. Cesar is an example of one who banished and killed his wife in o rder to get the opportunity of marrying another one (William,u.d.). This indicates how strong their culture laws were and how people desperately tried to abide by them. The great conqueror Napoleon, was also forced to divorce his first wife so that he could marry another one order to birth a son. This shows how deep rooted these cultures were by going to the extent of making a laws which were to be observed by all of the population. These cultures main goals were making sure the chances of immorality were reduced, as well as helping couples remain committed to each other. It is evident that no matter how strict a country was, monogamy is hard to uphold as it can be seen in Rome, where although marriage was monogamous, the sexual relationship did not follow the same, and mating was polygamous (Eshleman, 1994). People abided by the rules, and most cultural beliefs were upheld and embraced by the community. One downside to these beliefs, was lack in acceptance by all of its citizens an d some accepted it just because they lacked any alternatives. The communities that practiced monogamy stood a better chance of having families that worked together towards a common goal like raising children, giving them parental love and attention which are very crucial to the development child. As opposed to polygamous family, where most of the time the husband can not afford to be with all wives and his children at the same time. A polygamous father quite simply, cannot afford it. The children from these families are not likely in most cases to fully enjoy the parental love of both parents like those from monogamous family. In the Roman Empire, the consequences of bigamy were severe as death. This means that the citizens had no other option but to abide by them. The Empire saw it as a way to reduce the numbers of unwanted children, lower the levels of immorality, and lessen the amount of single mothers resulting from divorce, due to unfavorable conditions that arise with polygamy . Even though this culture was imitated, it still has its weakness because most its foremost people had children outside marriage as well as concubines on the side. It showed disregard for human rights, because some women were divorced or murdered so that the men could get the opportunity to marry another one. The culture also lacked proportion matching especially in comparison to modern days since the male to female ratio does not compute. This means that a great number of women would turn out to be single since their population is so high. In turn, the women who birth children out of marriage, will raise children that are not able to receive parental love from the father. Those children then do not have much choice but to lean on what they see their mother doing, and in some cases, the traits they acquire, might not be ideal ones. Polygamy is derived from the Greek word, which means the practice of having many women. This practice is very old and was practiced in many countries throughout the world. The practice is predominant in many African countries, where ones wealth is calculated in terms of how many children one has. They believe that when one person is in position to feed many mouths, that it translates to that one person having enough wealth since poor people could not afford to feed numerous children. Other countries have different reasons to why they allowed its citizens to practice polygamy. This discussion will focus on one of the African countries, Kenya, where currently, some of its communities still do practice polygamy (volume 10, 1967). Before colonization, people used to have their own standards of living as well as doctrines and laws that they had to abide by. Kenya happens to have more than 42 tribes where each tribe has its own beliefs and culture to follow. Most of these tribes, acknowledge polygamy and it is suggested by Ngugi (2006) that women once they perceive that they are reaching old age, could suggest that their husband marry another younger woman who to help him with house hold chores as well as marital needs. To many Kenyans, they believed polygamy to be essential in making it possible for the continuation of a generation. This was a time when children used to die in large numbers at extremely tender ages, due to diseases like measles, polio amongst others. It was then considered vital for a man to marry many women and reproduce many children so that even if a majority of them were dying, the hopes and chances that a few of them would survive was increased. The Kenyan culture accepted polygamy and eve n women themselves did not feel cheated nor did they object to it. A good example is the Luo community in Kenya in currently, polygamy is still practiced. Wife inheritance which is also a part of polygamy is being practiced as well (Ngugi, 2008)). According to their culture, this habit is encouraged to discourage the chances of the widowed woman from going out to look for other men, and instead be inherited by one of the brothers of her deceased husband. Another reason that is supported by those who practice polygamy, is to bring about a balance between men and women. Since the womens numbers are many, it is believed by the men practicing it, that more women in turn will be able to get husbands. The African culture means well in practicing polygamy, and has good intentions in doing so. These women and communities as a whole, believe it better to have a co-wife and abolish the need for their men to have hidden relations with other women outside the marriage. Therefore there was no more secret business, and men could inform their wives of their intention to marry another woman as they deemed right (Ngugi,2008). Lately though there has been a decline in the practice of polygamy, resulting from many people embracing Christianity i n Kenya. Many are now abiding by doctrines of the church and because of this immorality and promiscuity is on the rise. Research has shown that both married women and men are having other relationships outside their marriages, contributing to a high HIV infection rate in these groups. Polygamy is associated with such benefits as the impartiality in the distribution of wealth. This is because polygamy in most cases is practiced by men who are financially stable. By them marrying many women, there will be a steady flow of cash, either through gift or even just by merely supporting the women that he marries (William,2009). Immorality and promiscuity rates also decline along with sexually transmitted diseases, for the simple fact that a man will be content with women he has. There are also more morals imposed in such a society, and instead of women resulting to using devices such as sex toys to fulfill their needs, they stand a much better chance of getting men who will satisfy their ne eds sexually instead. Human beings are emotional and require a channel or means of satisfying those feelings. When that opportunity is not presented, they can result to other untraditional means to satisfy their emotions. Polygamy also has its shortcomings which can vary depending on how it is practiced. When it occurs with individuals who are not economically stable, children might suffer and lack basic needs due to the number of children the man will be providing for. It also neglects the children of paternal love since they can not have their father on daily basis. It can also make women feel not fully appreciated and wonder why their man would be looking at other women. In the current times, it can lead to mistrust, and increasing the risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases (Mirriam, 2006). In looking at both polygamy and monogamy, each one of them seems to have its advantages and disadvantages. Keeping in mind that humans are social beings who like to interact with each other, people should learn to appreciate other peoples cultures since we can perceive things differently and what some may consider as right, may be considered as very wrong in another country. Even though this has always been a controversial topic as to what people recognize as its pertaining issues, but it is really time for people to appreciate the difference that exists between people and the only way to solve this is by learning about the positive things from the given cultural community and disregard what could be perceived to be of less importance (Jenks, 2006). Communities can not exist on their own and they require a collaboration with others to co-exist peacefully. It is important to not only realize but appreciate that there are disparities between these two types of marriages and the childre n brought out of each of them exhibit the differences in the values that they learned from their parents. Research done has indicated that children from polygamous family might have more negative attitudes towards their step siblings and are often lacking in genuine love towards each other. In extreme cases, they sometimes rise against one another and even cause bodily harm to one another. Often lacking in fatherly love, they generally seem to perceive their father in a negative light as well. All that having been said, people will continue behaving differently and that is why laws play a vital role ensuring that people abide by them and operate within those boundaries. Through social interaction, people get to discover other peoples different ways of living and their abilities to interact with each other. References Jencks E N (2009).The History and Philosophy of Marriage: Or, Polygamy and Monogamy Compared: Oxford publishers Ngugi, J. polygamy in Kenya.Nairobi. Oxford publishers. Miriam K. (2006).Polygamy: a cross-cultural analysis. New York: Up. A citizen of Massachusetts (1882).Marriage: monogamy and polygamy on the basis of divine law, of natural law University of Michigan James Campbell An international journal of social, political and legal , Volume 10: 1967: retrieved on 6/12/2009 from: n+monogamy+and+polygamylr=client=firefox-a Edward B. (1928). The Journal of general psychology, Volume 1 retrieved on 6/12/2009 from http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=Kv37YlSy7oICq=journals+on+monogamy+and+polygamydq=journals+on+monogamy+and+polygamylr=client=firefox-a Say NO to monogamy and YES to polygamy.2009. Retrieved on 6/12/2009 from http://www.hipforums.com/modules/Journal/viewentry.php?journalnoteid=13005 William M .The family, society, and the individual: retrieved on 6/12/2009 from: gamydq=journals+on+monogamy+and+polygamylr=client=firefox-a Eshleman, J. (1994). The Family. retrieved on 6/12/2009 from: ygamylr=client=firefox-a

Death Penalty Essay -- essays research papers

The death penalty has both supporters and non-supporters. The following essay will not solve the issue; I will only try to persuade the reader to understand my point of view. The death penalty is justified in certain cases such as Mcveigh Vs State of Indiana; however it is unjustified in other cases, including Bloodsworth Vs State of Maryland. The death penalty is a must, especially in today’s society. With the increase in vicious crimes today, the government must act just as harsh with our justice system to try and prevent these types of crimes. Non-supporters argue that the death penalty is inhumane and should be considered murder. People of this malicious caliber must be dealt with in the same way, an eye for an eye. Putting these criminals to death doesn’t solve the crime that they committed, but it helps the victim’s family and friends to feel a sense of justification for what’s happened to them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Capital Punishment has been part of the criminal justice system since the earliest of times. The earliest historical record that contains evidence of capital punishment is the Babylonian Hammurabi Code. â€Å"It ordered death for crimes as minor as the fraudulent sale of beer. Egyptians could be put to death for disclosing the location of sacred burial sites.† During the time of the code you were put to death for the smallest crimes, which now would be a minor offense or even considered being nothing Today, capital punishment is still apparent in society. People are put to death because of murder or rape. The different types of punishment used are anywhere from hanging to lethal injection. The death penalty is a better deterrent than imprisonment because taking offenders life is more of a severe punishment. By using the death penalty as a type of punishment, it will in the future prevent other criminals from committing similar crimes and eventually make our society a much better place to live. The concept is very simple, the death penalty prevents a murders by putting the fear of death into would be killers. A person is less likely to do something, if he or she thinks that harm will come to him. Another way the death penalty prevent murder, is the fact that if the killer is dead, he will not be able to kill again. As Issac Ehlrich is quoted saying, â€Å"If the execution of a guilty capital murderer deters the murder of one innocent life, the execution is just... ...pen everyday, and many get away with it. Those who do get caught don't stay in a jail cell for the rest of there live. If we could rig our streets of murderers, it could mean a safer place for everyone. Men and women could feel safer jogging or doing errands at night. Single women could feel safer in their homes. Children could feel safe playing in their yards. No executed murderer has ever killed again. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1.Bright, Steven B. â€Å"Judges and the Politics of Death: Deciding Between the Bill of Rights and the Next Election in Capital Cases.† Boston University Law Review 75 (1995) 2.Connors, Edward, www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/row/dye.htm 3.Flanders, Stephen A. Capital Punishment. New York, NY: Facts on File, 1991. 4.Long, Robert Emmet. Criminal Sentencing. New York, NY: H.W. Company, 1995. 5.Nathanson S. 1987 An eye for an eye Totowa: Rowman and littlefield 6.Robinson, Bryan, www.abcnews.go.com/sections/us/DailyNews/mcveigh001228.html 7.Tabak, Ronald J. â€Å"Report: Ineffective Assistance of Counsel and Lack of Due Process in Death Penalty Cases.† Human Rights 22.Winter (1995) 8.Zondervan Bible Publishers, The Holy Bible, pg. 12 Genesis 9:6

Euthanasia †Good Or Bad? Essay

Euthanasia is the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable, deadly and incredibly painful disease or illness. Who is to decide for others? The government? Each and every person has the right to decide about issues such as euthanasia for themselves, nobody else should be able to decide for them as they are the ones in need – what’s it to others? It’s their suffering, their life and their choice. Wouldn’t you like to leave earth with the least amount of pain possible? Of course you would†¦who wouldn’t? Along with euthanasia being able to put a stop to ones agonizing pains, it’s also able to decrease the amount of grief that they and their loved ones experience due to seeing each other go through a vast amount of distress. Many (religious and nonreligious) people believe that it is wrong to keep people alive beyond their natural life span (e.g. a life support machine) because only god has the power to decide when ones life ends. Jesus once said ‘Do Unto Others As You Would Have Them Do To You’ therefore if you were suffering really badly then you’d want your life to end the easiest and quickest way possible. Another thing that may seem more important than passing away with the least possible amount of physical and emotional pain, is respect and dignity. Euthanasia enables terminally ill people to pass on with a small, but priceless, amount of dignity and self-respect they have left in themselves. Who in the right world of mind would want to die with no respect from others? Euthanasia will help prevent that to thousands across Britain – not just the incurable patients but also the patients friends, family and even the doctors jobs would be less stressful. In March 2002 a 43 yr old woman, named Diane Pretty whom had Motor Neuron Disease made the headlines with her plea for her beloved husband to be allowed to assist her in suicide (as she only had a few unbearable months to live) with no fear of prosecution. At her hearing she spoke with the help of a voice synthesizer and said ‘I want my rights to have a death with dignity’, but her plea was rejected and she died later that year in May, in a hospice. What are people who want euthanasia like? Selfish? They’ll make their decision while thinking about nobody but themselves. They don’t even think about how their family and friends will take the news and how much they’ll miss them. If the person wanting euthanasia loved them dearly then they’d live on for them. Religious people have a point of view for euthanasia but they also have views against euthanasia to. Christians have hospices around Britain, which are specially for looking after terminally ill people while making sure that they don’t lose their dignity, Christianity believes euthanasia is wrong as they believe in the ‘Sanctity Of Life’ and it is against the commandment ‘Do Not Kill’. Jesus suffered severely and painfully on the cross, but he did not cut short his suffering – therefore it is not down to us to end out life. Other religions, including Christianity believe that accepting suffering may have a spiritual value for your soul, in heaven, rebirth or the afterlife. Terminally ill people include people whom are in comas and unconsciousness; so the persons loved ones may commit euthanasia against their wishes and the patient might recover from an illness against all odds as the doctor’s diagnosis has a chance of being wrong. Doctors’ jobs are to save peoples lives – well to at least try, not to kill them; this will result in Britain’s doctors being murderers and no one would like to go to a murderer for help.