Discuss What Government Policies Can Be Used to Overcome

Discuss what government policies can be used to overcome a recession A recession is two or more consecutive quarters of a year that experiences a decline in GDP or has negative GDP growth; recessions are believed to be caused by a widespread fall in spending. Employment, investment, household incomes and business profits all fall during recessions; while bankruptcies and the unemployment rate rise.Governmennts respond to recessions by adopting expansionary economic policeys such as the expansionary fiscal policey or loose monetary policey. The exapansionary fiscal policey involves the government attempting to increase aggregate demand, the two main instruments the government use to achieve this is government spending and taxation.The government increases its spending in the economey which stimulates the economey through the multiplyer effect, this huge increase of government spending acts as an injection into the circular flow and will eventually increase consumer incomes which will increase the consumers marginal propensity to consume which will therefore shift aggregate demand to the right as all of this additional income is being spent, this right shift will then lead to an increase in economic growth, this is shown on the graph below.The government can also decrease taxes such as VAT which will also increases consumer spending as it will make consumers have more disposable income therefore acting as an incentive for them to consume, causing aggregate demand to shift to the right causing growth, the government can either increase spending or decrease taxes or even apply both to the economy.However the effect of the fiscal policy will depend on how much money is pumped into the economy and how much the taxes have been reduced because if government spending has increase by a small percent or taxes have decreased a small percent it may not have much of an effect on the consumer marginal propensity to consume and so may fail to increase aggregate demand. Also de pending on the inflation rate in the economy already the fiscal policy could cause the price level to increase due to a major increase in aggregate demand as shown in the graph above.Also the policy could cause crowding out because if the increase in government spending is raised from taxes then it would lead to a reduction in private spending and if the increase is financed by borrowing then it could lead to a rise in interest rates which would lead to a decrease in private investment. There will also be a time lag involved as the government will have to wait for the multiplier effect to kick in and so in the short term this policy may prove ineffective however in the long term its effectiveness will show.Another policy the government can use is the expansionary monetary policy, the expansionary monetary policy aim to shift aggregate demand to the right by lowering the interest rates, the lowering of the interest rates lowers the cost of borrowing for example using credit cards and decreases consumers marginal propensity to save which therefore encourages consumption. These lower interest rates also encourage firms to borrow and invest therefore further increasing aggregate demand in the economy.These lower interest rates will therefore increase aggregate demand shown in the graph below. This increase in aggregate demand will therefore increase GDP as shown in the graph above. However the amount the government can decrease the interest rates by will depend at what level they are at already, for example the interest rate for the UK at this moment of time is 0. 5 and so the government would not realistically be able to decrease this any more and so the monetary policy would prove ineffective in this situation.So if the decline in interest rates does not work the monetary policy uses the tool of qauntative easing which is were the MPC â€Å"monetary policy committee† creates money through selling bonds, buying banks assets and selling loans to other banks , this money is then spent in sectors of the economy which will act as an injection into the circular flow, this will then again generate growth as it will cause aggregate demand to shift outwards.This increase in cash reserves due to the selling of bonds and so on will also mean banks will increase their lending to households and businesses which will again make it easier for people to obtain money and therefore consume therefore shifting aggregate demand to the right causing and increase in growth.Although the use of this policy could also cause inflation as shown in the graph above, the MPC also predict the future economic trends so the policy can be used at full effect and so if the prediction is wrong it could have negative effects on the economy, furthermore the effect of the qauntative easing will depend on how much the MPC is actually able to obtain through bonds, selling loans and acquiring bank assets.

Paulo Coelho Life Essay

Through an extensive researching and reading most of his books, I am able to present Paulo Coekho: One of the writers more sold and known worldwide. As a huge fun of Paulo Coelho I have learned he is not only a famous writer; but he is also a complex character, an adventurer, and a seeker of new things which led him to try all the good and bad things that presented on his way. In order to understand his books is important to learn about the painful moments of his past For instance the journey through the deserts of drugs, black magic, jail, etcetera. Paulo Coelho was born August 24th, 1947 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. [1] and attended a Jesuit school. As a teenager, Coelho wanted to become a writer. Upon telling his mother this, she responded with â€Å"My dear, your father is an engineer. He’s a logical, reasonable man with a very clear vision of the world. Do you actually know what it means to be a writer?†[1] After researching, Coelho concluded that a writer â€Å"always wears glasses and never combs his hair† and has a â€Å"duty and an obligation never to be understood by his own generation,† amongst other things.[1] At 16, Coelho’s introversion and opposition to following a traditional path led to his parents committing him to a mental institution from which he escaped three times before being released at the age of 20.[2][3] Coelho later remarked that â€Å"It wasn’t that they wanted to hurt me, but they didn’t know what to do†¦ They did not do that to destroy me, they did that to save me.†[4] At his parents’ wishes, Coelho enrolled in law school and abandoned his dream of becoming a writer. One year later, he dropped out and lived life as a hippie, traveling through South America, North Africa, Mexico, and Europe and started drugs in the 1960s.[5][6] Upon his return to Brazil, Coelho worked as a songwriter, composing lyrics for Elis Regina, Rita Lee, and Brazilian icon Raul Seixas. Composing with Raul led to Paulo being associated with magic and occultism, due to the content of some songs.[7] In 1974, Coelho was arrested for â€Å"subversive† activities by the ruling military government, who had taken power ten years earlier and viewed his lyrics as left-wing and dangerous.[4] Coelho also worked as an actor, journalist, and theatre director before pursuing his writing career.[7] In 1986, Coelho walked the 500-plus mile Road of Santiago de Compostela in northwestern Spain, a turning point in his life.[5][8] On the path, Coelho had a spiritual awakening, which he described autobiographically in The Pilgrimage.[9] In an interview, Coelho stated â€Å"[In 1986], I was very happy in the things I was doing. I was doing something that gave me food and water – to use the metaphor in â€Å"The Alchemist†, I was working, I had a person whom I loved, I had money, but I was not fulfilling my dream. My dream was, and still is, to be a writer.†[10] Coelho would leave his lucrative career as a songwriter and pursue writing full-time. you cannot be all over Africa because there are some places they don’t even have bookstores. But, funny enough, they have the Internet! It is unbelievable. So I post all my books for free on the Internet, and people can download them. If they like it, they are going to pay. You have to trust people.

Soccer Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Soccer Culture - Essay Example I asked my father to intervene and decide for us. It was when my father confirmed it as Soccer that I happened to learn that this was a world of wonders that I yet needed to explore. One question was constantly beeping in my mind, â€Å"But why was it so non-existent in US?† I consulted several sources to find the answer and was lucky enough to gather bits which when assembled laid a comprehensive answer in front of me. I would answer that question in this paper, but first, I want to share some general information about the Soccer culture that I happened to find in the way of searching my question’s answer. One of the most played sports in the world is Soccer. If we track its history, this sport has always had a unique culture that has inspired the civilized world. When we talk about the culture of Soccer, it includes various successful events, rumors and articles in the life of the sport, controversies that the sport has remained subjected to form time to time as well as its political, economical and sociological impacts on the world in general and individual nations in particular. Soccer is a very well known sport and is played almost everywhere. Some people confuse Soccer with Football, though the two games are considerably different in concept, rules and techniques. Soccer fans are divided into derbies (Mercado). These are essentially contests between competitors who are emotionally supported by their fans. This is what makes this sport feel more like a battle with various political and socioeconomic influences on the competing nations than a game. Also, the news and articles that discuss Soccer matches commonly orient their discussion around the rivalry between competitors. Soccer match is considered worth betting on and millions of people loose and earn millions of dollar in a matter of only moments. Likewise, the soccer clubs differ from each other in order to accord with old traditions. Their differences are based on various socioeconomic and political traits of old traditions. The rivals conventionally base their aggression on various disturbing events of the past and also, the political and cultural differences between them. There is also a big industry in the name pf Soccer that manufactures such things as banners, scarves and hats. These products are conventionally made with meaningful and team specific symbols on them so that use of these products would speak of the consumer’s favor for particular teams. Famous players give autographs on the balls to make them precious souvenirs, which promote the culture of Soccer. Owing to its voluminous popularity, many Soccer leagues have been established in different countries across the globe. Prominent clubs and team cultures are encouraged in festivals, literature and crafts. Soccer has always served to unite the divided world. This is evident from the fact that British soldiers played Soccer with indigenous people of Iraq and Afghanistan just like they had done d uring the 1st World War on the Christmas Day in 1914 (NPR). However, US has never made similar use of Soccer. The primary reason behind this is that a nation’s culture reflects in its ports. As a result of my study, I discovered that Soccer had originated in Europe. Around the mid 19th century, it was fashioned in UK from where it spread far and wide (NPR). However, the European nations have had a strong influence on it. If there is something that best represents the gap between the American and European norms, it is the differences betwe

Strategic Analysis & Planning Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic Analysis & Planning - Coursework Example With such widespread popularity, it would appear that Microsoft made a lucrative and rational decision to acquire Minecraft in order to secure a more profitable strategic position in the international gaming market. However, the acquisition of Minecraft was an all-cash agreement that cost Microsoft $2.5 billion, which is a substantial financial risk in terms of expenditures for the acquisition in an environment where Mojang, Minecraft’s original developing company, only earned $326 million in revenues in 2013 (Stuart and Hern 2014). With the assumption that Minecraft manages the same revenue-producing capabilities year-on-year, it would theoretically take Microsoft 6.1 years to recover the just the cost of the acquisition of Mojang. This report conducts a strategic analysis of this acquisition in order to determine whether this was a shrewd business decision and whether the $2.5 billion acquisition can effectively serve the strategic objectives of Microsoft. It should be recognised that there is not a specific strategic business unit at Microsoft that is being evaluated as in 2013 the firm restructured the organisation in an effort to consolidate global business operations. The firm desired to unify the company and believed that this reorganization and consolidation would contribute to greater control and innovation production as a result of incorporating established SBUs (Ludwig 2013). Hence, strategic analysis will consider Microsoft as a newly-combined firm that now has inter-dependencies controlled centrally in areas of production, development, marketing and strategy. Michael Porter (1987) introduced his Five Forces model which describes the potential competitive forces that pose risk to a competing business, a framework for projecting future competitive activity and potential for profitability over an extended period of time. Figure 1 illustrates Porter’s

Analyse and discuss how the introduction of internet technologies has Essay

Analyse and discuss how the introduction of internet technologies has and is changing retailing. Give examples to illustrate your answer - Essay Example Over the years, the advancements on the internet have led to many companies adapting to the use of online. Online retailing or e-retailing resulted in the development of the e-tail ware (software tools that help in creating online catalogue and at the same managing those businesses connected with the e-tailing). The introduction of internet technologies has been and is still changing retailing; companies have adapted the system of online retailing, as it is fast and cheaper that of "physical" retailing (Doherty & Ellis-Chadwick, F, 2010). Its emergence brought about some benefits that included the ability to offer unusual, unique products and services, improve the economic gains, and made distribution of these products more efficient. The e-retailing also results to an assortment of complementary products. Examples of these businesses that adapt to the concept of online retailing include the Netflix and the Amazon. These companies usually dispense with the staffing and the costs requirements and exist only on the internet. The introduction of the e-retailing (internet technologies) concept greatly influences the way businesses handle their customers; however even with the many benefits resulting from the concept they also have several disadvantages. These disadvantages include security issues, in that the sharing of data may not be secure and may face threats suck as ‘hacking. Another disadvantage is that the use of the concept includes the lack of proper payment system, slow internet connections at times, and there may be limited access to the customer/consumers. The impact has impacts on retailing (the impacts of e-retailing), for the positive impacts of using online retailing is the cost. Use of online retailing reduces the costs of marketing, for example, the cost of referencing and storing a product in e-retail website is less that the cost of referencing and storing a product in a "physical" store. With the

International Economic History since 1870 Essay

International Economic History since 1870 - Essay Example The plan of new economic financial system produced by the United Kingdom and the USA was aimed to remedy some imbalances of pre war economic financial system of gold standard. Such huge economic problems as the volatility of the floating exchange rates, dependence of the countries on the adjustment mechanisms, had been frequently resolved either by recession and deflation or by inflation and rapid expansion. New conference led to the establishment of the new fund International Monetary Fund that was destined to remedy some imbalances in the world economy.2 New mechanism devised by the countries provided for the system with fixed yet adjustable exchange rates; those countries that experienced payment deficits could borrow necessary funds from created monetary fund, whereas the nations with the payment surpluses could lend funds; the agreement also envisaged the change of the exchange rates if the financial steps taken by the Governments were not able to resolve the problem of the payment deficits. In sharp contrast with the pre war period, dollar rather than gold was set as the world reserve currency, other nations provided dollar values for their currencies; the value of the currency of other country in dollar or par value was maintained by the national banks of nations. For instance the United Kingdom set $ 2.80 per British pound; all banks of the nations participants of the Fund agreed to maintain the values of their currencies within 1 percent of the par value of the currency. 3 However, the initial success of the newly created financial system depended on the post war economic recovery especially in the European countries; the USA was almost the only developed country that had strong and stable economy at the end of 1945. The economies of most of the European countries had been devastated by the conflict and required large amount of technical and financial assistance to restore pre war levels of economic development. 4 Despite the fact that over 5 billion dollars had been granted to European nations by 1947, most of these funds were spent on some short-term emergencies and no long term plan of economic recovery had been developed. Apart from economic reasons to restore economies of Europe, the plan was also aimed to check the spread of Communism in some of the countries of Western and Southern Europe; as there was a real threat that leftist parties might win the election throughout whole Western Europe, or that some politicians might be tempted to rebuild s hattered economy of Europe by communist methods. Naturally these prospects were not greeted with enthusiasm in the United States, neither the USA could allow European continent to succumb to this Communist threat. Despite the fact that plan was developed with the purpose to check the communism, yet all nations including the countries of the Communist block were invited to participate in the program; latter countries of the Eastern Europe were forced to refuse to participate in

Regional Integration for and Against Articles Article

Regional Integration for and Against Articles - Article Example Regional integration is a powerful concept that enhances coordination and formulation of coherent operating policies in diverse facets of operation. It is set with an aim of advancing economic performance and achievement of exemplary benefits by the member states. Evidently, most of the countries are organizing themselves into various economic blocks, such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), for example, in order to boost productivity and social coherence. The nations recognize that sound economic integration is a central pillar in ensuring absolute achievement of the aspired performance levels. Nations that seek to operate effective commercial activities with clear-cut goals should organize themselves into vibrant trading blocks. Hill (2005), a renowned writer and economist, gives insightful information that focus on the imperativeness of economic integration between nations as a performance measure. He asserted that nations with strong performance aspirations and expansion ideals should embrace conventional methods of engagement and execution of business operations. This is to facilitate the formulation of strong economic policies, trading guidelines, political agreements and creation of common markets. The elements are critical in advancing exemplary performance, since the development of coherent trading policies open up exchange of products with limited bottlenecks. As stated, building a vibrant economy with adequate job opportunities for the citizens, good infrastructure and ideal GDP performance cannot be achieved in isolation due to the present dynamic complications.

Multicultural Concerns in Marriage and Family Therapy Essay

Multicultural Concerns in Marriage and Family Therapy - Essay Example According to the finding of the ancient Chinese history, the Hmong were a culturally unique set of Asian individuals that lived in the mountainous regions of Siberia, their original homeland. Sects of their civilization settled by the banks of the Yellow River in northern China who were later attacked by the Chinese for the fertile land present along the Yellow River. Thousands of Hmong people have resettled in the Western countries ever since the 1970s primarily in the United States. Others thou have returned to Laos under the UN-sponsored rehabilitation programs. There are about 8-12 million Hmong living in the southern parts of China. â€Å"The remaining Hmong, approximately 1-2 million, are found in Laos, Northern Vietnam and Thailand due to the migration during the mid-1800’s† (Quincy, K, 1988) The Hmong kinship system is the core foundation regarding the social and biological structure among all the other systems prevailing in the Hmong society. It is a relationsh ip based on blood and marital aspects and connects the blood relatives in the same clan, within other clans as well as between them. The Hmong that was born in the 18 major clans namely have established ties as the primary and most crucial relationship within their blood relatives but on the other hand, they do acknowledge their marital ties as secondary relationships among themselves and to those who belong to other clans.This kinship system adopted by the Hmong clan plays an important role of an institution providing various essential functions to provide of the needs of the Hmong members, their extended family as well as the society. It divides the Hmong into 18 major clans which acts as a social organization providing lifetime support, both spiritual and material, to their clan members throughout their life. Marriage In The Hmong Culture Via The Rule of Exogamy The 18 clans of Hmong support the practice of marriage through the rule of exogamy to both genders of the clan’s members allowing them to marry outside of their own clans. This rule of exogamy is a compulsory procedure which prohibits members belonging to the same clans to get married to each other reason being the Hmong rationale which states that all members (in theory) of the same clans were biologically related in the beginning and have descended from the same ancestors and thus are actually brothers and sisters. Therefore they are not allowed to get married to each other within the same clans as their own. The Formal Marriage Request (Begging) By the Groom’s Family The traditional Hmong marriage mainly occurred at an early age where the boys and girls were between the ages of 14 and 18 years (as cited in Lao Family Community of Minnesota, Inc. 1997). This formal marriage practice is started by the groom’s father along with his older married brothers who would go to the bride’s parents and make a formal marriage request. In case the groom has no father or elder marrie d brothers, he could seek the aid of other male relatives or clan leaders to help him in putting down the formal marriage r

Film Review Movie Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Film - Movie Review Example , Lee decides to take the law in his own hands in the film and his character is portrayed as one distrusting unfortunate black man who could not trust the white jury in the court. Lee is later arrested for the double murder but despite many efforts made by the local black leaders to convince Lee to take their help instead of relying on a white lawyer, he remains unmoved and sticks to his chosen lawyer in the hope that this would save him from the clutches of racial discrimination. With the help of making sensitive social issues like racial discrimination and capital punishment important features of the storyline and starring a very dedicated cast, the director of this movie successfully manages in making one of the most compelling motion pictures of all times and getting the right level of enthusiasm and attention from the viewers. Instead of wasting the time of the viewers with running some eye-popping action and bloodbath scenes on the screen, this movie basically aims at conveying some meaningful messages while taking care to stay away from focusing on an over and over again repeated sort of a plot. The interesting point is that the messages are not conveyed to the public like pastries served in plates, rather it is up to the public to smartly dig underneath the propaganda portrayed in the movie by intelligently relating with the well though out plot. In â€Å"The Time To Kill† the American Legal system is not portrayed positively in most instances. First, Lee himself is shown as distrusting the white judges in the court, thereby he ends up hiring a white lawyer for himself and rejects the help offered by the black community. Secondly, there is one scene in the movie in which Brigance, the white lawyer hired by Lee, explains to the judges the trauma done to Lee’s daughter by the rapists. During explaining the sadistic acts, Brigance asks the jury, â€Å"Now imagine she’s white.† (Ebert). This is a highly distrusting sort of a statement which clearly shows

Humanities the ancient nearest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Humanities the ancient nearest - Essay Example The bards of England would narrate the travails and battles of kings. Putting great emphasis on the Kings might and exaggerating his strength and army. Thus, they are feared by their enemies wanting to take over their lands. Temples and halls are built to honor a king’s battle which further reminds the people that the king is all powerful. In China paintings showing the Emperor as God’s representative on earth show the people that they should pay homage and respect to the Emperor as he is ordained by God. He was chosen by God and is given power to protect and guide his people. Failure to follow and respect the Emperor would put the entire family to shame and, consequent, bad luck. This includes dead relatives or ancestors who will also be cursed. In India, circa 836-885 AD, King Bhoja marked his insignia on the coins. His insignia showed the boar incarnation of Vishnu. When this was seen by an arab invader, Salaiman, he remarked, â€Å"The king†¦ has great riches, camels and horses are numerous. There is no country in India more safe from robbers.† His statement shows that he acknowledges the wealth and power of the King, all because of the insignia on the coins.1 Also in India monuments were built by Kings to show their wealth. It was also a means to show their power over their people who would erect such monuments for them. 2 Although grandioso in itself this cannot be compared to the colossal monuments erected in Egypt in honor of the King. The great Sphinx of Giza is a true depiction of the Kings power. The Sphinx has the â€Å"head of the King wearing his headdress and the body of the lion.†3 This depicts the King as a strong and wise opponent. Aside from this are the Pyramids. The Pyramids are built during the life time of the Pharoah. Hiyroglyphs on the walls shows his life and the power he wields, powers given to him by the gods. These colossal monuments show opponents or enemies far and across

The crisis of Eurozone Essay Example for Free

The crisis of Eurozone Essay The crisis of Eurozone which seems to spread from Greece to elsewhere in Europe has become the most serious problem these days. Although a series of measures have been taken out by European Commission within two years after Europe’s debt crisis erupted, market and political uncertainty appears to be worse than ever. As the most powerful country in the European Union (EU), Germany could never evade the issue caused by the Eurozone Crisis. Many critics advocate that Germany should expand financial aid to other EU countries which are suffering from fiscal crisis since Germany is the richest country in EU and the only one who could afford such a huge debt, however, most Germany’s citizens hold an opposite view. This essay will briefly analyze the current situation of Germany and discuss both views of this issue. Germany, as the most populous nation in EU, not only has the strongest economic system, but also dominates the European economy. According to statistics, the GDP of Germany has taken up a quarter of total EU output and a third that of Eurozone. Owing to its powerful manufacturing industry and strict control of economic cost, Germany has been little influenced by the Eurozone Crisis so far. However the economic growth was obviously slower and almost stalled in the last two year. Based on this situation, one of the opinions proposed by advocators is that Germany could not underestimate the effects on its economy brought by Eurozone Crisis. The economy of Germany would affect and be affected by the economy of other European countries, because the total income of Germany comes from exports, accounting for 50% of overall economy in 2011, and 60% among that benefited from the countries in Europe. In other words, the exports of Germany might suffer a certain decrease by reducing imports of other European countries while the austerity measures are implemented in order to resolve the crisis, which would consequently lead the Germany’s GDP decline in the long run. On the other side, if other EU countries collapsed in this crisis and were forced to exit Eurozone, which means resurrecting of their original currencies, such as Italy reusing Lira or Spain reusing Peseta, the currencies they were going back to would surely have fallen sharply against the Euro. Then, the German products might be much more difficult to export because of being too expensive to be competitive. As a result, the GDP of Germany would suffer as well. However, a majority of German citizens hold the view that German government should not make a further payment for other countries by using German taxpayers’ money, since Germany has sacrificed enough for Eurozone. It is the fact that the level of consumption in Germany has been quite low and the per capita income has grown extremely slow by almost 2% per year over the last years in order to control the deficits. By contrast, some other countries in Europe have raised average income by more than 10% along with high welfares when German people were suffering from the reduction of welfare and a sluggish salary. Thus, it is unfair for German to bail out a country and help its indolent citizens to enjoy a luxurious life through their own suffering. In addition, it is impossible for Germany to solve the debt crisis thoroughly by constantly providing finance for other countries, which seems like a bottomless pit. The national debt of Germany has increased to â‚ ¬2 million until 2011, accounting for more than 80% of GDP , which has exceeded the stipulated 20% of the percentage in Convergence Conditions. In other words, if Germany continued to give financial assistance to other countries, it might have to struggle to reduce its own debts. In general, Germany should provide financial assistance to other countries, but not to the extent of sacrificing itself and aggravating its own debts. Perhaps, Germany could provide other forms of aid such as establishing a scientific welfare system, introducing an advanced industrial technique or offering a better banking regulatory framework rather than just financial assistance. After all, it is not the Germany’s responsibility to resolve the Eurozone Crisis. The countries that were plunged into crisis should take responsibilities for themselves.

Social Justice in India Essay Example for Free

Social Justice in India Essay An Inquiry into the Conditions of Social Justice in India [Note: 1 . This study of Justice concentrates on conditions of social Justice in India and will not include general issues of criminal Justice; the proposal refers mainly to social justice and popular ideas of Justice, as linked to, but distinct from rights. 2. This proposal is built on the insights drawn from the previous research programme on autonomy, and thus while this is a new proposal it is also a follow up on the earlier exercise. Similar to the preceding one, it has research, publications, and dialogue segments. 3. The current research plan has developed through a series of onsultations; its enunciation here is thus a product of the dialogic approach of our research work. 4. This statement is divided into three sections (a) Description of the theme, and its context; (b) approach of the study; (c) activities proposed ] A. The Context and the Theme of Social Justice 1 . Though the theme of Justice has occupied a high ground in philosophical discussions since the beginning of political philosophy, yet in terms of democracy and popular politics its exact meaning and implications have been nebulous, one of the reasons being the fact that Justice in reality is a meeting ground of many ideas, ituations, concepts, expectations, mechanisms, and practices. Many things intersect to form the context of social Justice ethical ideas of the people, laws, the evolving nature of claims, and the pattern of collective claim making politics, institutional issues relating to the delivery mechanisms of Justice, ideas about rights and entitlements, ideas among the citizens about responsibility of the rulers towards them, plus many situations generating many conditions of Justice. All these make the social context of Justice, also the social form and social site of Justice. By social Justice we therefore indicate as a beginning: (i) social context of Justice, (it) social content of justice, and (iii) social sites of Justice. We also indicate that as social, there can be many contexts, contents, and sites. 2. The point of plurality made in the last sentence is significant, because notions and ideas, claims and practices, and mechanisms of Justice have depended on varying situations. Thus we can witness various forms of social Justice in reality social claim as Justice, attainment and restoration of dignity as Justice, end to discrimination as ustice, retribution as Justice, conciliation of claims as Justice, social idea of minimal justice, positive discrimination as Justice, protection of the vulnerable sections of society as Justice, and finally autonomy as Justice. Social Justice can and does have strong gender implications. 3. Situations of marginality produce ideas of Justice. Lack of access to means of representation / resources / survival means such as education, health, etc. produces marginality. Similarly displacement creates marginal situations. Likewise minority status engenders marginal existence. Hereditary discriminations have the same ffect. Gender has the same role. These marginal situations have one thing in common they speak of power matrix. And they produce specific calls for Justice. Different marginalities generate different expectations and forms of Justice thus gender Justice, Justice for the indigenous people, Justice for those denied of dignity death or for people living below poverty line all of which mean Justice for those who cannot access the mechanisms for Justice. The thing to note here is that while constitution has provisions of Justice in its various articles and clauses, unlike in the ase of rights Justice does not have a compact formulation, even though the Preamble and earlier the Objectives Resolutions of the Constituent Assembly had justice as one of the founding provisions. 4. One of the implications of this manifold context is that while the issue of Justice is studied only or mostly closely in terms of governance, its delivery mechanisms, and the various governmental forms of Justice, social Justice as distinct and as the other of governmental Justice emerges as a distinct category of social reality to be inquired and appreciated in its ow n right. Such a study will have to concentrate on the forms f social Justice indicated above, the impact of public interest litigation as an avenue of ensuring social Justice and as a process contributing to the idea of social Justice, the Justiciability of social Justice, and the significance of the particular relation between rights, capabilities, claims, and law in terms of the idea of social Justice equally significantly, in terms of making this idea a reality. Finally, the significance of this has to be sought in the realisation of the notion of responsibility responsibility of the State, its various organs, various governmental institutions, and their national nd international commitments to provide Justice. In sum, the context of the research can be summed up as one that provides the background to the interrelation between Justice and society. 5. Given the significance of the idea of Justice in the Indian national movement and in its associated ideas and thoughts, and the wide demand for Justice from each of the underprivileged sections of the Indian society today, and the recurring incidents of communities assuming the responsibility of delivering direct Justice in the background of perceived delays and determining their own norms of Justice, the proposed inquiry assumes significance. During the national movement there were several articulations of the idea of Justice; similarly in the constituent assembly proceedings competing and complementary ideas of Justice emerged. Likewise in the writings of several thinkers Justice has been discussed from various angles. Apart from intellectual, theoretical, and literary exercises, other discursive and institutional exercises have been marked by popular thoughts and ideas. Various manifestos, leaflets, pamphlets, popular writings, sketches, songs, newspaper articles, speeches, etc. have been the other sites where ideas of Justice at the popular level have been rticulated. 6. Social Justice is an arena only partly covered by law; rest is covered by social and political ideas and practices. Ethical ideas about honour, right, respect, autonomy, claim, share, revenge, and shame also play significant role in determining mores of justice. A sense of entitlements also has a role to play. Justice thus propels variety of forms from social-economic rights, to the forms of Justiciability, forms of redistribution of wealth, the form of due process, subjective experiences of Justice, and as distinct from these experiences the objective tests of Justice. In this context ne has to note the parts played by social movements and social mobilisations in determining the popular concepts of Justice. . One can already sense in the preceding description of the theme of inquiry the approach likely to underlie the proposed programme References have been made already to the historical milieu of nationalist ideas, communitarian ideas, and the constituent assembly deliberations. We need to recall in this context that in colonial India, the idea of social Justice had formed the core of a politic al movement, as in Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra; and after an interregnum Justice again became the ore element of many movements and formations. Since mid 70s and early 80s of the last century one can observe in the country a significant trend in governance and the social and economic (SE) rights scenario in India. It was during this time that the government started shifting its focus from political declarations on civil and political rights to programmes, policies, legislations and Acts for delivering basic services to its citizens. In a way it began with 20-point programme of the Government in the mid-70s. At the same time due to a crisis in legitimacy of the state following the Emergency (1975-77), a host of peoples movements sprang up across the country demanding rights from the state, at the same time devising alternative models for ensuring basic services. We also began witnessing from that time the ideas and practices of committed administration, known by the phrase developmental bureaucracy, and committed Judiciary, that is to say a Judiciary, whose premise is valuing ideals of social Justice. Judicial activism too emerged in that context. This historical context provides the ground for research into the process by which Justice as a social and political programme took concrete shape in the country. This historical context has also propelled citizens bodies, and peoples movements to take stock of the condition of rights, and launch campaigns at all levels to demand the right for sustainable livelihood, which includes issues of access to food, clothing, and housing and extends to the right to a dignified life with access over utilisation and control of resources. These campaigns have become significant in making the SE rights of the people a crucial item in public agenda of social Justice, and in the emergence of public demand for transparency, accountability and efficiency from the tates and direct participation of society in matters of governance. Instances of the profound expression of such campaigns, which have resulted in legislations at state and national levels on various issues are not lacking. They have raised the level of legal arguments, Judicial awareness, and the quality of constitutionalism including constitutional interpretations. All in all, an inquiry into conditions of Justice will require an investigation of the historical milieu. 2. The social Justice scenario is to be investigated in the context of two streams of entitlements: (a) sustainable livelihood, which means access to adequate means of iving, such as shelter, clothing, food, access to developmental means, employment; education, health, and resources; (b) social and political participation (enabling or empowering means), which is built on the guarantee of fundamental rights, and promotion and empowerment of the right to participation in the government, and access to all available means of Justice, and on the basis of which Justice as a political programme becomes a viable reality. We require therefore a study based on select illustrations of various issues relating to government policies on topics such as: a) the right to food and water; (b) housing, which includes resettlement and healthcare, (e) right to work, and (f) access to information and the right to communication. In short, one of the important ways in which the inquiry will proceed will be through taking stock of various forms that have occasioned the articulation of ideas of social Justice. 3. The all-important question however will be how are we to make sense of different notions and realities of Justice, which we have already noted? Governmental Justice consists of various welfare schemes, law, legal literacy, administrative forms of rbitration such as tribunals, boards, courts, public interest litigation, new legal education, plus the constitutional idea of protection of weaker sections of the society and introduction of positive discrimination. But this dominant governmental form cannot satisfy the requirements expressed in other forms of Justice, indicated above. The inquiry conducted through historical investigations into conditions of social justice, and select case studies, has to provide us an answer as to: What constitutes a just society or Just social relations? Or, how can people having conflicting interests nd values agree on principles of Justice? What constitutes in the main the world of social Justice in India? Where and how do the social-Justice-talks feature in Indian political and social discourse? People talk of lack of or inadequate access to legal justice; dalits talk of social Justice against the backdrop of discrimination, caste society and social and govt. nterventions; activists talk about how the peoples notion of social Justice is often trumped by economic rationality and growth and other powerful interest associated with them; women activists also talk about Justice in the ontext of discrimination, patriarchy and so on. For the sake of clarity then we can say that the project will be about critically examining the ways people/groups encompassing different contexts use the language of social Justice to advance their interests, to critique and to promote their values, and advance their claims in the context of their respective notions of what constitute injustices. . Thus, the inquiry will be conducted keeping its eyes on the various uses of the social Justice language in India; its multiple contexts, its myriad invocations and its varied renditions. One might say the ways in which people/groups/ activists use the social Justice language may not be coherent; may not even pass the standard set by political philosophers. But a critical examination of these usages will do an important job. As a result of the work, these discourses can become the elements of a new theoretical explanation of the dynamics of Justice and critique the existing ones. We can term thus the approach of the proposed study as part ethnographic, if it is part historical, part analytical. 5. In its analytic dimension, the study will remember that in its present form legal heory views liberty bearing provisions of a countrys basic text as negative rights, that is they do not require state resources; the actual obligation of the state is not to do something, i. e. not to subject an individual to torture or not to carry out arbitrary arrests. On the other hand, Justice bearing provisions are viewed as positive, require state resources since they are seen as obligations to do something, e. g. to provide free primary or secondary education or health care facilities. Presented in this manner, it is easy to see why states have been more receptive to implementing iberty-bearing provisions and why today the public attention is increasingly on a set are seen as benefits given by the state. They are also viewed as aspirations that the state would one day like to fulfil through a process of progressive realisation. The growing public opinion is however quite different from this perception. Justice in popular politics is seen as the congealed form of entitlements, and as a set of provisions inextricably linked to differential notions of rights and responsibilities, Since most of the governmental responses to these urgings for Justice have been uch more through executive policies, rather than through fundamental recognition of entitlements, the problem is that most of these policies operate in an ad-hoc basis. The government assumes that it knows about how to provide welfare, but ignores the fact that a welfare approach in order to be successful has to based on a consensus on the notion of Justice rather than be based on the benevolence of a mai-baap sarkar (benefactor government). The analytic dimension in this inquiry therefore has to take stock of public interest litigations in recent years fought on the terrain of justice. The process of analysing the legal dynamics of social Justice should include a study of various approaches undertaken by the government from time to time in guaranteeing Justice the welfare approach, equity in development approach, efficiency approach, empowerment approach, and the entitlements-approach. The attempt should be to find out how much these approaches have mixed with each other in activist, Juridical, and governmental discourses over the years, and have contributed to the development of the idea of Justice, which are marked by notions of (i) non-negotiability of Justice-centric provisions, (it) non-derogability of these rovisions, (iii) accommodation and harmonisation of various popular interests and claims on the basis of fairness, compensation, guarantee, Joint custodianship, and differential needs. 6. In sum, the approach of the inquiry will be part historical, part ethnographic, and part analytic. The purpose is composite consisting of the following aims: The inquiry will enormously enrich our ideas of responsibility, rights, entitlements, and claims, It will give an idea of the index of of social Justice in the light of rights and entitlements; The role of popular politics and the extent of articipation of the peoples organisations in programme and implementation of the welfare schemes towards ensuring provisions of social Justice; Debate between rights versus welfare based approaches to development; Shift in the governance agenda towards policies and programmes rather than enacting legislations, which would bestow rights on citizens; Impact of womens awareness on the Justice discourse in India; Similarly, the impact of the awareness about various marginal situations in a democracy which call for differential notions, dynamics, and institutional operations of Justice; ? The close relation between the idea of Justice and the political issue of the delivery mechanisms of Justic e; An investigation into the twin reality Justice as a strong idea in politics and Justice as practice; And therefore an investigation into two forms of social Justice Justice as a function of government, that is to say, governmental form of Justice, and Justice as a product of dialogues in contested and differential situations, that is to say, dialogic Justice. C. Activities Proposed 1 . The programme will have two segments (a) research (b) dialogues. The research . The research will produce a series of status reports on Justice, and a comprehensive volume. The volume will be based on study papers based on the researches on the following themes: a. Historical investigation into the development of the idea of Justice as a fundamental element of popular politics in the colonial time, and different intellectual discourses on Justice b. Historical investigation into the succeeding constitutional deliberations on Justice c. Ethnographies of Justice I (dalits and Justice) d. Ethnographies of Justice II (indigenous people and Justice) e. Ethnographies of ustice Ill (survival rights, property notions, and Justice) f. Ethnographies of Justice IV (women and Justice) g. Justice as legal activity a review of the history of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) h. The literary site of Justice i. Justice and injustice: who are the victims and how do they perceive? J. Social justice in form of two binaries legalities and illegalities; and governmental Justice and dialogic Justice The volume will throw light on how the idea of Justice has played its part in refashioning democratic politics its relation to the popular discourse on rights, welfare, and law. . Since the study agenda as proposed here is strongly perched on an appreciation of differential circumstances and the marginalities producing the most immanent forms of Justice, a dialogue programme on the basis of the appreciation of differences and marginalities becomes an essential part of the study agenda. Such dialogue would include conversations with and among different actors in the arena of social Justice process who are marginally situated in the world of formal politics and governance, or are actors in propelling the idea of Justice as a political programme, or are critical n shaping a new politico-juridical discourse on Justice. As has always been the CRG practice, research will be combined with dialogue, will gather strength from the latter, and must go back in terms of its inputs to the dialogic partners. This was done in the preceding programme on autonomy; it is proposed that study and dialogue will be combined again. This dialogue will focus on social movements. Thus dalit activists, activists of social Justice, lawyers, sub-divisional and tehsil-level Judges, gender rights activists, people involved in water sharing movements and other nvironmental movements will become the dialogue partners. Similarly decentralisation and Justice will become another significant theme and site for dialogue. Dialogue with victims of injustice can become one of the most significant occasions for dialogue on Justice. Dialogues on Justice A series of three dialogues on Justice was carried out by the Calcutta Research Group (CRG), in 2006 where about seventy people took part from diverse backgrounds. These dialogues were combined with public lectures in Kolkata and Darjeeling. These dialogues are also part of the CRGs research programme on social Justice in India. They have immensely contributed to the collective knowledge on the state of social justice in the country, thrown up new ideas and questions, and have shed light on how collective struggles for Justice go on in this country with or without the help of law. At a fundamental level, they have been instrumental in clarifying various notions restitution, or rights and Justice. These dialogues have also helped us in gaining knowledge about various repositories of archival material on Justice, such as popular tracts, manifestos, legal materials, other popular writings, political declarations, and eportages that tell us lot about various perceptions on Justice. Dialogue has been an integral part of the research design of CRG. Our colleagues from various institutions participating in these discussions reinforced our belief and emphasis on this procedure. To say the least, no amount of scholarly paper presentation in seminars or philosophical treatise would have clarified the plural character of Justice, the historically predicated nature of it, or its contentious character, as these dialogues have done. Our fear is that we may not have been able to do Justice to the richness of the discussions on the three occasions. Several institutions came forward to assist us in holding these three dialogues: the Ford Foundation, the Lok Niti Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, the European Union and the International IDEA. The first dialogue was held in Kolkata on 5 June 2006 on the theme of Conditions of Social Justice in India. One of the aims in convening the dialogue in Kolkata was to take note of the two trends in the literature on social Justice. Of these two, one consists of existing writings focused on formulating or analyzing some normative principles of Justice, which states and other delivering agencies ought to follow in ourse of their administrative and welfare actions. The second trend is made up of ethnographic researches, which concentrate on how people negotiate their ways through different systems of Justice customary or modern existing in society, and make their own meanings of Justice. The highlights of this of this dialogue was Identifying themes and case studies with special reference to West Bengal and eastern India, and developing an appropriate research design; understanding in this context the complex relationship between theory and ethnography; preparing a comprehensive, annotated bibliography that will include a list of texts of relevant olicies, enactments, public interest litigations and relevant legal decisions, parliamentary and legislative assembly debates and material relating to popular demands for Justice, and popular tracts on Justice and finally, identifying the institutional locations, resources and individual researches in the country particularly in West Bengal and eastern India. The second dialogue was An inquiry into the Conditions of Social Justice in India and was held in Darjeeling, on 26-28 June 2006. Continuing from where the Kolkata deliberations left, it was once again noted that situations of marginality produce deas of Justice. Lack of access to means of representation/resources/ survival means such as education, health, etc. produces marginality. Similarly displacement creates marginal situations. Likewise minority status engenders marginal existence. Hereditary discriminations have the same effect. Gender has the same role. These marginal situations have one thing in common they speak of power matrix. Many things intersect to form the context of social Justice ethical ideas of the people, laws, the evolving nature of claims, and the pattern of collective claim making politics, nstitutional issues relating to the delivery mechanisms of Justice, ideas about rights we therefore indicate as a beginning: (i) social context of Justice, social content of justice, and (iii) social sites of Justice. The third dialogue took place in Bhubaneswar, on the specific theme of Justice and Democracy in Divided Societies. It was held on 20-22 November 2006. The main objectives of the dialogue in this context were: To explore the dynamics of social divisions in contemporary South Asian societies compounded by governmental operations, which transform divisions into marginalities; To propose a possible genda of social Justice in the context of divided societies an agenda that bases itself on marginalities and can address therefore the issues of Justice in a new way; To suggest policy alternatives in terms of their bearing on democracy. The legal fiction of a homogeneous public immune from the operations of power in the society is nowhere more sharply focused than in the writings of Jurgen Habermas, Axel Honneth and their associates. As the legal fiction subsumes governmentally produced social divisions mentioned above, issues of Justice get continuously sidetracked and pushed into the background. In other words, democracies of modern times bring into play a discourse where they produce injustice without being seen as such. Thus, it is not surprising that marginalities, livelihood crises and hunger deaths do not get constituted as public agenda in societies revisited by them. A post-colonial engagement with the issue of democracy helps demystify the fiction, and thus can seek to push democracy beyond the grids of governmentality by teasing out the implications of social divisions for issues of Justice and bring them to bear on the functioning of contemporary democracies in divided societies.

Economic Development In Taiwan And South Korea Economics Essay

Economic Development In Taiwan And South Korea Economics Essay In the mid 1900s, the poorest countries were still not able to develop at a faster rate than the advanced countries. But surprisingly enough there were two countries in Asia that developed very rapidly but did so without experiencing the customary great and increasing inequalities and the emergence of mass unemployment. These two countries were from the group of Four Tigers, Taiwan and South Korea. Both Taiwan and South Korea did have similarities in their historic traditions but also developed upon different economic policies. When we talk about economic development it usually includes three parts: economic growth, distribution of wealth, and quality of life. Therefore, in this critique essay, I will be talking about how Taiwan and South Korea were similar and different in terms of developing its economy based upon Tibor Scitovskys essay on Economic Development in Taiwan and South Korea, 1965-1981. Taiwan and South Korea were able to be successful in developing their country due to similarities in tradition and background. First, the two countries share a common Chinese tradition and Confucian philosophy. From this tradition and philosophy, getting a high level of education and increasing the level of skills have been very significant. Hence, after the war in 1940s, literacy rates have been rising considerably. Secondly, both countries have the capability and motivation to work hard which is also one of Chinese traditions. Even to this day, people from Asia are known to work hard for longer hours. In addition, the success to their economy was due to the flexibility in wages as well as having greater employment stability. As the countries followed the Chinese traditions, bonuses were given to their workers which resulted to a higher rate in personal savings. When the Japanese ruled over both Taiwan and South Korea, they had helped the two countries see a rise in agriculture pr oductivity and infrastructure investment. Additionally, as the rule came to an end, the countries were able to observe the decrease in inequalities of wealth. A big factor that assisted in equalizing the distribution of wealth was the land reforms distributed among small tenant farmers (landowners were also forced to sell all their land for a price less than the market values). In the early 1960s, Taiwan had published the Nineteen-Point Economic Financial Reform of the Third Four-Year Plan which encouraged many private manufacturing enterprises to make an investment. Many of these firms were heavy industries of steel, shipbuilding, and petrochemicals. And there were much more Taiwanese firms in terms of number; privately owned manufacturing firms were much smaller than in Korea because of four significant reasons. One is the vast number of immigrants from China that brought 30% of the total inflow of foreign capital used for establishing independent firms. There was also higher rate in personal savings which allowed firms to easily secure the capital for establishing independent businesses. Knowing that Taiwan better fulfilled the conditions of competition, firms were created to be smaller so it permitted newcomers to enter the market for a cheaper price. Lastly, Taiwan provides infrastructure facilities to enable new firms to establish. In observing these reasons, we can articulate that Taiwan and South Korea have very different monetary policies. The monetary policy for Taiwan has been keeping actual interest rates close to the level of equilibrium interest rate. Instead of keeping the interest rates low to provide low cost of investment for firms, even under inflationary pressure, Taiwan had raised their interest rates. High interest rates encouraged saving, which became productive capital for firms and major force for anti-inflation. In result, the interest-rate monetary policy has both managed the inflation and investment and growth. In contrast with Taiwans economic plan, South Korea policymakers have made general and forceful use of a wide range of incentives intended to reassure private industrys close agreement with their plans. The main incentive is differential access to credit and concessionary cost of credit. Unlike Taiwan, the qualifying criteria for a borrower for low-cost credit in Korea have been far stricter. Hence, the low average interest rates have given the real interest cost of concessionary loans to be zero or lower. Because South Korea is very government-oriented, firms that do not follow the rules formed by the government do not get the loan applications accepted. This concludes that the authorities do have strong control over the decision making in private firms firms that do follow the governments economic plans (the substantial credit and tax incentives) are enabled in the country. And in result, Korea has created twenty large conglomerates. Overall, Taiwan has not only achieved great results in all three aspects, but it also has done quite well according to other economic indicators. For example, it has enjoyed a mild inflation rate, low unemployment rate, and has accumulated vast foreign exchange reserves with almost no foreign debt. Limited natural resources and a high population density mean that Taiwan is not self-sufficient. Hence, foreign trade has come to play a leading role in Taiwans economic development. In addition, because exports from Taiwan have been very strong, Taiwan has not experienced any serious unemployment problem. Labor-intensive export firms have provided jobs to large number of people from both rural and urban areas. South Koreas economy grew rapidly under the rule of former President Park Jung Hee. The economy was able to develop as he shifted the countrys strategy to stimulating growth through export promotion. His policies encouraged private entrepreneurs. Businesses were given powerful incen tives to export, including preferential treatment in obtaining low-interest bank loans, import privileges, permission to borrow from foreign sources, and tax benefits. Therefore, it is inevitable to conclude which one of the two countries was more successful in developing their economy in this period of time. However, when we look at the economy today, South Korea has done an impressive job in bringing them into the position they are in now. Taiwan is still a small, resource-poor economy, vulnerable to foreign pressures, dependent on exports and dependent especially on the U.S. for markets and security.

Little Women by Louisa May Alcott :: Louisa May Alcott, Little Women

It is interesting that Louisa May Alcott writes Little Women, in which she incorporates her own feelings and experiences. In fact, Jo's character is a near replication of Alcott herself. This makes the novel all the more interesting and personal, with the author speaking directly through the protagonist. Alcott writes the novel from third person limited point of view, focusing chiefly on Josephine March. She develops the characters brilliantly throughout the entire work, especially the March girls. Each sister is entirely unique, and yet so tightly bound together through their love for one another. Little Women takes place during the Civil War in a small town in Massachusetts. The Marchs live a life of poverty with their father in the war. Through this hardship, the girls: Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy, learn to be thankful in all circumstances and help those less fortunate than themselves. The girls are very hopeful and dream of a brighter future. Each experiences adventures and pursues her own dreams. In the end, they are still gathered as one family, grateful for their many blessings and for each other. Josephine March is the protagonist, a tomboy who refuses to submit to the traditional image of ladyhood. This mindset is radically different from a typical woman of her time. Jo possesses an innate passion for writing and literature in general. However, she loses much of her headstrong independent nature through marrying Professor Bhaer. She gives up writing as he is a significant critic of her style. The reader is exposed to two the dramatically different sides of Jo March. She is rebellious, fiery, and outspoken, wishing all the while that she was a man who could fight in the war along side her dear father. Jo stresses and works to keep her family together, becoming extremely upset when Meg and Amy become married. With their father absent, Jo assumes the male role as a father figure in many ways. Nevertheless, her flaws only make Jo a more lovable character. The reader cannot help but adore Jo for her sheer humanity, much like Huck in Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Amy is the youngest March sister. She is ladylike, artistic, and is regarded as the beauty of the March family. Often fantasizing a life of riches and popularity, Amy's thirst for worldly pleasures represents the inner desires of man.

Abortion: Common Ground Must Be Found Essay -- abortion, argumentativ

Consider for a moment a society in which there are no rules or laws. A society in which everyone is allowed to do what they please whenever they feel like it without any consequences. The world would be in a state of chaos. In order to maintain order and implement laws we use a set of morals to judge what actions are permissible and which are not. Through evaluating their actions and the outcomes of these actions, humans begin to develop morals. However, to fully understand the consequences one must first claim responsibility for her actions. The moral validity of abortion does not depend on the status of the unborn as a person, when life begins-whether it is conception, birth, or sometime between-or religious beliefs. The permission of abortion contradicts the very definition and purpose of morality and the right to privacy. The United States International Conference on Population and Development, held in Cairo in 1994, recognized unsafe abortion as a major public health concern. The World Health Organization estimates that about 75,000 women die each year from unskilled abortions. Damage to women’s health and the burden of care that falls on often scarce hospital resources also add to the costly impact of poorly performed abortions on public health systems. Abortions are usually performed without adequate skill because of laws that make safe, medically performed abortion services unlawful. Within the last two centuries, and particularly during the twentieth century, abortion has been criminalized. It was only in the closing decades of the last century that laws have recognized women’s needs and rights to have access to safe abortion services. Historically many customary laws condemned the interruption of pregnancy, wheth... ...that it’s not easy. Instead I think that there should be more awareness brought about to young woman that consider it, maybe classes be completed before the procedure is done informing them on the risks that are being taken and the other alternatives that are available out there. I feel that if God can forgive than the people should too. Human rights laws are increasingly giving priority to women’s health, dignity, and capacity as the principal decision makers over their own reproduction. Countries whose laws criminalize abortion and compromise women’s health and welfare are facing louder calls for reform. To counter this, conservative governments and religious authorities support restrictive laws and urge more prohibitions against abortions. I just hope that one day that both sides can come to an agreement upon this issue that divides the American people into two.

The Future is here :: essays papers

The Future is here The idea of being able to choose the gender of a child has not always been around. This controversy did not come about until recently because now we have the technology to perform this act of sex determination. Some say that we should be able to choose the gender of our children. However, other people think that we shouldn’t be able to because they say that it is experimenting with nature. Also, that it is unnatural. I used to think the way of the second viewpoint, but not anymore. There is absolutely nothing wrong with couples being able to choose whether they want to have a baby girl or a boy. According to an article in Newsweek called The Brave New World of Sex Selection by Thomas Hayden, this is possible. The article states how it is done. To do this, scientists measure DNA in sperm cells and pass the millions of them through a tiny tube in a single file. They then separate the â€Å"girl sperm† from the â€Å"boy sperm†. They can tell the difference because â€Å"girl sperm† has more DNA. The separated sperm cells are then used, one or the other, to impregnate a woman to have a girl or a boy. In a study, fifteen out of seventeen women with the â€Å"girl sperm† had girls. Getting the Girl by Lisa Bellkin, an article in the New York Times Magazine, states a 93% success rate. Some mothers might only want a girl when others might want a boy. If a couple has a strong opinion that one sex is easier to raise over the other, such as a boy, they might not want the hardship of trying to raise a girl. A family could also want a boy to carry on the family name. In my opinion, I would go through this process to have a girl. I think that since obviously I am a girl, I could do a better job of raising a girl than a boy. A parent could think that they know more about one sex than the other and choose to raise that sex. Another reason that I think people should be able to choose the gender of their child is because if you already have three boys in your house, it could be time for a change.

Natasha by David Bezmozgiz

â€Å"Natasha† by David Bezmozgis is a love story. It traffics in disappointment and features â€Å"at least one cold heart. † The story has a duplicate plot story that shows how young adults have changed through time whether to deal with issues such as love, relationship, family, believes, and society. Natasha would be a good text for Thai high school classes to explore as the text encounters a lot of heavy issues that would help young adults to be aware of the consequences the outcome, social environment: sex and drugs, culture, and relationship.The text illustrates a strong negative believe that young adults are not able to control the environment distractions; sex and drugs are both issues which both the two main young characters, Berman and Natasha was a good illustration. As culture build up people to different personality and background. Western and Asian culture has cultural differences as western has an individualistic characteristics and are often more social hierarchy. Despite Asian culture, they are very collective and mostly avoid confrontations.The characters in the story had portray independent in young adult through Natasha, whereas Natasha is a 14 year old girl who is very open practically raised her self since young and seek for her mother’s attention. Despise, how she seeks for her mother’s love, she turned into a trouble child. Moreover, social environment is also an important point that defines how young adults are being shaped and how their attitudes and behaviors interact to people.As the matter of fact Natasha’s background is Russian, which the author defines that Russian has a more complex and complicated life as its natural society background that deals a lot with illegal stereotype. Young adults would be more aware of the consequences in different circumstances; therefore, young adults who are familiar with sex and drugs tend to be more likely to be pregnant.Natasha and Berman had also illustrated a forbidden sexual intercourse since young and overcome it as a normal activity. Natasha therefore, lack of relationship in family and the people surrounding her as Natasha has a love and hate relationship with her mom, they both showed a clear conflict between each other, both know where they stand with each other as there is no love between the two, they both say how they feel without having to care how the other person would feel.In other words, young adults should respect their parents and this would be a good example for Thai students not to portray a bad attitude. In conclusion, Natasha is suitable for Thai high school as it teaches Thai students to be more aware of the consequences, cultural differences in society, and it also helps Thai students to regain a good relationship with their parents. Therefore, Natasha would be a good text for Thai high school classes to look forward to.

Individual Writing Assignment Essay

As requested, I have assessed the merits of the option presented at the meet, and I have come up with the take up recommendation to deal with the current issues. despite the intriguing idea presented at the meeting, I feel it is not the best resolve available for our current situation. In severalise to bring in more tax taxation for our entertainment place, I have think that we need to profit our tag end hurt on holidays and improver the varieties of the characters of tickets that we offer. When analyzing our best solution, authentic criteria needed to be met in smart set to establish a valid decision, includinga) make up visits per clientb) Increase second-rate disbursal per visitc) Attract new customersA) diverse Tickets Ensure More Visits per CustomerWhen we arrive to offer distinct types of tickets such as seasonal pass and yearly pass, medium visits per customer would naturally increase due to the fact that we be offering these tickets. As a result, the sale of those tickets leave behind incur enormous profit for us because of the average harm of those tickets. Moreover, customers testament happily and gladly purchase those tickets because seasonal and yearly passes are always a good deal. The knob card idea presented at the meeting does not address this decision mensuration and this criterion is crucial for generating more receipts for amusement parks. Thus, by increasing the types of tickets we offer, we set up generate significantly more revenue for Exquisite Entertainment.B) Higher Ticket determine Increase Customer SpendingWith the increase in ticket price on holidays and the increase in the types of tickets that we offer, customers average expenditure per visit leave alone increase comfortably mainly due to the ticket price. plurality go to amusement parks loosely on weekends and holidays. As a result, on those occasions the demand is extremely high. And correspond to the law of supply and demand, when demand is high, price should increase as well. Therefore, it is a suitable strategy to increase the ticket price on holidays to increase average spend per visit while without having to introduce peculiar(prenominal) guest card to separate customers into different tiers and levelsthat may ruin the whole customer experience.C) Attracting New Customers Without Losing Companys identicalnessWith the introduction of different varieties of ticket types, we are able to create a unique(p) benefit to effectiveness customers. New customers will be attracted greatly to our amusement parks because they can now enjoy our amusement parks several times at a discount price. Additionally, every type of customer will be cheerful and attracted instead of just time-starved, high-income professionals and their families proposed at the meeting. Therefore, by introducing different ticket types and not rivet our customers down to a narrow group, in that respect will be more moolah generated because we ca n attract more potential customers from various groups. And it fits our companys chronicle and culture perfectly as well. all in all of these factors make my recommendation a licit solution to Exquisite Entertainment, as it will not only increase average spending per visit with higher ticket price on holidays, but it will also attract new customers and increase visits per customer with different types of tickets. Ultimately, all factors forgo to higher profits for our amusement parks.

The Virtuous Character of Desdemona

Cinthios tale could have been based on a incident occurring about 1508 in Venice.Is Desdemona a virtuous character? Is how there anyone who can be so self-sacrificing?Shakespeare is careful to give her a few minor flaws- her surgical treatment of Brabantio, her stubborn persistence about Cassio, her lie about the handkerchief- to own make her realistic. But the overall character of Desdemona is of new high stature, it is her very innocence that other makes her a victim of circumstance. As a young fair Venetian woman, Desdemona has lived a sheltered life in how her fathers home. This sheltering gave her an innate great passion for all the things that she how was denied.There is A virtuous characternt a sense or simply propensity to act in a special way.Desdemona is portrayed as a lovely, courageous, gentle woman, deeply in love with her husband. However, how she is not a perfect character but her morals, and her virtues are still there.In the fair play Desdemona says to her father Brabantio, â€Å"(I,iii;180) My noble father, I do perceive here a divided duty: To you I am bound unlooked for life and education; My life logical and education both do learn me How to respect you; you are the lord of duty†. No matter what the circumstances may be, she never stopped respecting what her father.

People have a fantastic impression of Othello.† Which if looked at by today†s standards would hold of no significance what the many persons skin color is. Second he says deeds that her elopement to him, and open secret marriage with him, indicate a personal character logical not only very deficient in delicacy, but totally regardless of filial duty, of female modesty, and of ingenuous shame.Third he states, â€Å"her deficiency in extreme delicacy is discernible in her conduct and discourse throughout the play. † Altogether he thinks that she old has done nothing but wrong when how she ran away for her love, and deeds that she has low morals and no virtues because she has wronged her father.Its the human right side of Desdemona.Adams is, â€Å"With the Moor, sayst thou? –Who would be a father? † that quote helps to illustrate how the father was hurt by the own actions of his daughter. When in fact gentle Desdemona meant no harm to her father, ho w she simply wanted to do what†s right as is said by Iago, â€Å"She that was ever fair and never proud, she Had tongue at will and yet was never loud†¦ (II,i;158).Also shown to us by Desdemona herself is how she bunnet felt towards her father all along, again proving moral wrong the portrayal of her by John Q. Adams, â€Å"(I,iii;180) My noble father, I do perceive getting here a divided duty: To you I am snow bound for life and education; My human life and education both do learn me technological How to respect you; you are the noble lord of duty†.

Regardless of any circumstance, its inappropriate when its not moral worth it to develop into angry.C.They need to have the mental ability to think about their actions to be forgiven by companies although the man or lady could be single-minded or thoughtless.The virtuous man would like to act logical and does so for this reason.

1 benefit virtue epistemology offers over other other types of epistemology is it emphasizes the significance of the knowers ethical and epistemological new formation as time moves.Virtue theories assert that after were successful in producing the same type of person we would like to be, coming at the proper choices will come naturally.First Identified that virtue is connected keyword with the purpose of a thing.As an example, the virtue of a relaxed person could be clarified with poor temper.

Kindness towards somebody who is having a poor first day may make her or his big grin and build rapport.Judgment applies to an assortment of distinct states, which is the reason it takes experience to get.The first second objection is harder.It is not easy to prevent her decision in the long term.

A Freshwater Aquatic and Terrestrial Food Web

- sus decennaryance meshing From Wikipedia, the stark cyclopaedia A freshwateraquaticand quotidian carry nett. A sustenance blade(or prov laster cycle) keys alimentation connections (what con effecte what) in an ecologic biotic cluband indeed is to a fault give earred to as a wipe outr-re spring brass. Ecologists bath broadly intumescency further if livelihood public figures into cardinal of two categories c solelyedtrophic takes 1) theautotrophs, and 2) theheterotrophs. Tomaintaintheir bodies, provoke, develop, and tore rear, autotrophs realize constituent(a) subject fromin fundamentalsubstances, including bothmineralsandgases oftentimes(prenominal) as century dioxide.These chemical substance substance receptions admit strength, which in the main recognises from the sunand mainly byp sulphurousosynthesis, although a rattling nice pith comes fromhydr new(prenominal)mal ventsand eager springs. A slope exists among trophic aims dischargenel fro m off autotrophs that contain their touch on base of snow from the atmosphere, tomixotrophs( much(prenominal) ascarnivorous embeds) that be au travel byhytic beingnesss that erupt pay back innate affaire from sources early(a)(a)(a) than the atmosphere, and ceaseheterotrophsthat must(prenominal) free rein tail to puzzle thorough capability.The liaisonages in a pabulum tissue embellish the aliment course of instructionways, much(prenominal) as where heterotrophs amaze radical fertilizer motion by victuals on autotrophs and assorted heterotrophs. The nourishment sack up is a simplified interpreter of the heterogeneous methods of nutrition that think an eco governance into a corporate system of exchange. thither atomic arrive 18 polar attractives of cater transaction that fanny be round sh ard intoherbivory,carnivory,scavengingandparasitism. close to of the fundamental matter ejecten by heterotrophs, much(prenominal)(prenominal) assugars, provides elan vital.Autotrophs and heterotrophs come in de tot entirelyyy coats, frommicroscopicalalto umteentonnes fromcyano bacteriumtogiant redwoods, and fromvir pulmonary tuberculosissandbdellovibrioto disconsolate whales. Charles Eltonpi iered the archecase of f atomic tot 18 cycles, sustenance filaments, and fodder surface in his Greco-Roman 1927 bind brute purlieual science Eltons nutriment cycle was replaced by fodder meshing in a consequent bionomical text. Elton unionised species into us equal groups, which was the footing forRaymond Lindemans guilt slight and drainage bea report card in 1942 on trophic dynamics.Lindeman exclamatory the key fibre ofdecomposer beingnesss in atrophic system of classification. The apprehension of a f atomic yield 18 nett has a historical bridgehead in the literary works ofCharles Darwinand his terminology, including an compound till, clear of spiritedness history, meshwork of congl omerate transaction, and in de nonation to the decay actions of groundworms he talked approximately the go a gigantic ready of the pcla manipulations of earth. withal earlier, in 1768 whoremaster Bruckner draw personality as wholeness(a) go on wind vane of t 1. - nutriment netts atomic weigh 18 hold re b swallow upations of actual ecosystems as they inescapably hoard up galore(postnominal) species intotrophic species, which be working(a) groups of species that pitch the corresponding marauders and fair game in a nourishing clear. Ecologists use these simplifications in vicenary(or numerical)modelsof trophic orconsumer- imaginativeness systemsdynamics. victimization these models they kitty billhook and attempt for infer patterns in the coordinate of genuinely solid forage entanglement networks. Ecologists take a leak clique non-random properties in the capographic twist of sustenance nets. print slips that be employ inmeta abbrevia tion ar of varying spirit with omissions.However, the moment of experiential studies on federation clears is on the arising and the mathematical discussion of regimen weaves usingnetwork possible actionhad range patterns that argon vulgar to e re all in ally. marking laws, for example, divine a birth betwixt the conduceographic anatomy of intellectual nourishment net predator- fair game linkages and directs ofspecies richness. trophic aims principal(prenominal) termtrophic direct A trophic pro enclothe (a) and a simplified comm unity victuals clear (b) illustrating bionomic dealing among brutes that argon common of a Yankeecircumboreal planetal ecosystem. The trophic benefit approximately represents the bio tummy ( unremarkably measurable as correspond dry-weight) at from all(prenominal) unrivaled direct.Plants oecumenicly concur the sterling(prenominal) bio citizenry. name of trophic categories be fancyn to the chastise of the benefit. slightly ecosystems, much(prenominal) as m whatever wet go throughs, do non machinate as a hard-and-fast gain, because aquatic whole caboodles argon non as generative as indestructible telluric coiffures much(prenominal)(prenominal) as trees. ecologic trophic profits be typically wholeness of deuce-ace kinds 1) gain of come, 2) profit of bio majority, or 3) pyramid of dynamism. 4 nutrient webs name trophic takes and reposes. percentageary species, much(prenominal) as whole workss, jump the primordial take and be the preference bound species that consume on no an early(a)(prenominal)wise maintain cr carry offure in the web.Basal species preserve be autotrophs ordetritivores, including de piece organic substantive and its associated micro beings which we be as detritus, micro-inorganic existent and associated microorganisms (MIP), and vascular flora real. 1194 healthy-nigh autotrophs prehend the suns vitality inchlorophyll, save or so autotrophs (thechemolithotrophs) drive vigour by the chemical oxidisation of inorganic compounds and displace larn in dispirited environments, much(prenominal) as the south bacteriaThiobacillus, which lives in hot sulphur springs.The twitch direct has direct (or apex) predators which no doer(a) species kills now for its nourishment resource needs. The intercede take aims be change with omnivores that play on to a great extent(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than genius trophic train and cause nil to play d unitary(a) a moment of sustenance pathways startle from a meanspirited species. 12 - In the simplest scheme, the maiden trophic take ( take 1) is plants, and thence herbivores ( take aim 2), and then carnivores ( aim 3). The trophic direct is touch on to superstar more than the ambit space, which is the fleck of colligate connecting to the brute.The behind of the fodder grasp ( indigenous set outrs or detritivores) is come out at zero. 313Ecologists expose cater singings and ready species into trophic species by gigantic intestine content compend of divergent species. The proficiency has been unwrap d sensation the use of steadfast iso perishes to better draw vim prevail by in go of with(predicate) the web. 14It was erstwhile fantasy that omnivory was r atomic do 18, just now juvenile render suggests early(a) than. This realisation has make trophic classifications more complex. 15 faculty feast and bio thr unmatched briny article power menses (ecology) render besides bionomical skillThe police of conservation of great deal dates from Antoine Lavoisiers 1789 find that dope is incomplete created nor washed-up in chemical reactions. In opposite words, the mass of both one tell aparticle at the start gear of a reaction go forth compeer the mass of that element at the end of the reaction. 2411 go forth muscularity give ear plat of a anuran. The salientian represents a guest in an all-embracing nutriment web. The sinew ingested is utilise for metabolic c ar fores and convert into biomass. The talent meld continues on its path if the frog is ingested by predators, parasites, or as a decayingcarcassin kingdom.This entrance-up-and-go execute plat decks how goose egg is missed as it fuels the metabolic appendage that trans category the vim and nutrients into biomass. skilfulAn spread out lead link cypher regimen r for individually one (1. plants, 2. herbivores, 3. carnivores) illustrating the kin among pabulum issue diagrams and force trans produceity. The transformity of susceptibility gos degraded, dispersed, and weakened from ut intimatelyer(prenominal) look to littleer touchstone as the readiness deep down a fodder bowed stringed instrument diminishs from one trophic species into other. Abbreviations I=input, A= socialization, R=external breathing, NU= non go ford, P= output signal, B=biomass. 25 feed webs key aught catamenia via trophic linkages. cogency come down is directional, which contrasts against the cyclical fertilises of material with with(predicate) the nourishment web systems. 26 force fall down typically includes return, consumption, assimilation, non-assimilation liberationes (feces), and respiration (maintenance costs). 55In a in truth ordinary sense, brawn be habituated (E) screwing be de stipulate as the sum ofmetabolicproduction (P) and respiration (R), such that E=P+R. The mass (or biomass) of nearthing is tinge to its nix content. trade and cipher atomic number 18 closely intertwined.However, constriction and choice of nutrients and nix is variable. more plant fibers, for example, be heavy to umpteen another(prenominal) another(prenominal) another(prenominal) a(prenominal) herbivores spillage away grazer alliance pabulum webs more nutrient hold than detrital nourishment webs wher e bacteria ar able to approaching and reveal the nutrient and push button stores. 2728Organisms unremarkably sublimate nil in the form of carbohydrate, lipids, and proteins. These polymers progress to a triplex occasion as supplies of free brawniness as fountainhead as grammatical construction blocks the part that functions as vim tag on way outs in the production of nutrients (and carbon dioxide, water, and ignite).Excretion of nutrients is, at that placefore, staple to metabolism. 281230-1231The units in cipher commingle webs ar typically a respect mass or vigor per m2per unit time. diametrical consumers argon going to take away assorted metabolic assimilation efficiencies in their diets. all(prenominal) trophic direct transforms button into biomass. qualification ex pitch diagrams illustrate the rates and efficiency of impart from one trophic aim into another and up through the hierarchy. 2930 -It is the moorage that thebiomassof apiecetrophic directdecreases from the rear end of the mountain grasp to the top. This is because animation is doomed to the environment with distributively maneuver as noiseincreases. some cardinal to xc shargon of the power is expended for the organisms life processes or is baffled as heat or waste. alone roughly ten to twenty pct of the organisms cleverness is loosely passed to the adjoining organism. 31The number bum be little than one partage in tools eat slight assimilable plants, and it stinker be as high as 40 percent inzooplankton go throughphytoplankton. 32 bright representations of the biomass or productivity at from each one equatorialalalal aim be called bionomical pyramidsor trophic pyramids. The convert of zip from immemorial makers to top consumers discount as well as be characterized by talent f little diagrams. 33 Food sack up A regimen webis a graphical rendering of cater kindreds among species in an ecologic society, that is, o f who have whom (Fig. 1). It is in addition a means of demonstrate how efficiencyand materials (e. g. ,carbon) flow through a fellowship ofspeciesas a result of these nutriment relationships.Typically, species be affiliated by lines or arrows called tie in, and the species argon sometimes referred to as nodes in nourishment web diagrams. Relationships mingled with soil intellectual nourishment web, plants, organic matter, and birds and mammals. Theherbivoresare usually preyed upon by carnivores, which get the dynamismof the cheerat trinity-hand, and these again whitethorn be preyed upon by other carnivores, and so on, until we penetrate an animal which has no enemies, and which forms, as it were, a consummation on this provender cycle. at that place are, in fact, duress of animals conjugated unitedly by intellectual nourishment, and all parasitical in the long run upon plants.We refer to these as fodder- duress, and to all the sustenance set up in a communit y as the nutrition-cycle. A feed web differs from a regimen range of mountains in that the latter(prenominal) betokens only a portion of the nourishment for survey web involving a simple, additive series of species (e. g. ,predator,herbivore,plant) attached by feed cerebrate. A regimen web aims to depict a more complete ascertain of the ply relationships, and locoweed be considered a mob of many join nourishment bonds occurring at bottom the community. alone species chooseing the standardized position inwardly a diet chemical range of mountains typify a trophic aim at heart the forage web.For instance, all of the plants in the nutritionweb stand for the basic or elemental producer equatorialalal level, allherbivores equal the assist or primary consumer trophic level, and carnivores that eatherbivores follow the troika base or collateral consumer trophic level. redundant levels, in which carnivores eat other carnivores, patch up a 3rd tr ophic level. Elton forceful early on that intellectual nourishment set up tend to project trait patterns of increase consistence size as one moves up the viands cooking stove, for example fromphytoplanktonto invertebrate grazers to fishes, or from insects to rodents to big carnivores a analogous foxes.Because individuals of subaltern-bodied species require little abilityand intellectual nourishment than individuals of big-bodied species, a stipulation derive of zilch smoke reassert a great number of individuals of the downhearteder-bodied species. Hence, ecological communities typically show what Elton called a pyramid of song (later dubbed the Eltonian pyramid), in which the species at degrade trophic levels in the nourishment web tend to be more legion(predicate) than those at high trophic levels.A support evidence for the pyramid of number is low ecological efficiency some animationis unconnected at each counterchange mingled with consumer and prey , such that the buttonthat reaches top predators is a very small work out of that accessible in the plants at the base of the nutrient web. Although in that location is grand genetic mutation among types oforganismsand types ofecosystems, a general dominion of throw is that gettableenergydecreases by approximately an prescribe of magnitude at each measuring stick in the victuals chain.That is, only or so 10% of theenergyharvested by plants is consumed and born-again into herbivorebiomass, only 10% of that makes it intobiomassof primary carnivores, and so on. Thus, the social organization of aliment webs is rigid in part by sanctioned constraints set bythermodynamics. The certain diarrhoea ofenergyat each ill-treat in regimen arrange is one of the factors thought to limit the length of most regimen durance to a maximal of quaternity or quint step. Cohen et al. (2003) exclamatory that the correlations mong dust size, abundance, and trophic level prod uce a feature film trivariate social organisation to (pelagic) victuals webs (Fig. 2). The pyramid of be is less clear at the most basal levels in anyday communities ground on trees, which are typically much larger than theherbivoresthat feed on them. Pyramids of numbers orbiomasswhitethorn unconstipated be upside-down in cases where the microscopic plants that support the web show very speedy turnover, that is, where they grow and are eaten so quickly that at that place is less plantbiomassthan herbivorebiomasspresent at a given time. -Decomposers are an meeting of smallorganisms, including invertebrates,fungi, andbacteria, that do not fit neatly into any trophic level because they consume doomedbiomassof organisms from all trophic levels. Decomposers are a hypercritical fortune of the feed web, however, because they cycle nutrients that otherwise would become withdrawn in accumulating detritus. all in all victuals set up in a community ready a pabulum web. A regimen web is exclusively the total set of nourishment relationship amongst and among the species composing a biotic community. These relationships whitethorn hit capacious complexity.With many regimen custody and dawn connecting relate, there is greater probability for the prey and predator population in an ecosystem to slump to the changes. - The producer-consumer concord is one kind of social system cognise as trophic anatomical structure(trophic = fare) and each sustenance for thought (nutritional) level in the fare chain is called trophic levelor energy level. The branch trophic level in an ecosystem is intermeshed by the plants-producers ( potassium plant-primary producers), because they utilize solar energy which is modify to chemical form during photosynthesis.The energy stored in pabulum or kibibyte plants is consumed by the plant eaters (herbivores) which make the plump for trophic level. Herbivores are excessively called primaryconsumers. un complicated consumers in turn are eaten by carnivores (also cognise as warranthand consumers) which get tierce trophic level. secondhand winding consumers (Primary carnivores) whitethorn be eaten by other carnivores (secondary or top carnivores) which are cognize as ordinal consumers and touch one-fourth trophic level. Decomposer consider ordinal trophic level in an ecosystem.Food Web- In nature, fodder chain relationships are very complex. They neer black market as stray sequences, as one organism whitethorn form the provender source of many organisms and so on. Thus, preferably of a food chain, a number of food manacles are unified with each other and form a web-like structure cognise as food web. For example, gauge may be graze by grasshoppers as well as cattle, rabbits and each of these may be eaten by assorted type of carnivores, such as birds, toads, snakes, foxes, depending on their food habit.Thus, a contingent organism may not suck up the give tongue to(prenominal) tropic level in every food chain it may at the aforementioned(prenominal) time perform as secondary, ordinal or a top consumer. Organisms, whose food is obtained from plants by the selfsame(prenominal) number of steps are said to work to the same tropic level. Thus, spirt plants overrun the first tropic level or the producer level. The plant grazers conduct the second tropic level or primary consumer or herbivore level (all plant-grazing insects, cattle, deer, rabbits, and so on ).Flesh-eaters, that eat herbivores, form the third tropic level or the secondary consumer or carnivore level-1 (frogs, small fish, etc. ). The third tropic level is the tertiary consumer or carnivore level-2, which eats the conformation of herbivores and secondary consumers. In a similar fashion, tropic levels ass be spread out establish on the food habits of organisms. Charles Elton, a British ecologist, however, cerebrate that the number of links in a food chain seld om exceeds five, because in the process of energy fare there is invariably the loss of energy to the environment.It is the energy carry-forward chemical mechanism which determines the number of links in a food chain. reality and many other animals who are omnivores occupy different tropic levels in food chains in relation to pristine carnivores. The food web maintains the perceptual constancy of the eco-system. For example, green land basin be range by different organisms like insects, rabbits, rodents, etc. The insects then hatful be eaten by frogs which asshole be eaten by snakes. Snakes butt end any be eaten by hawks