Gypsies, the Work Ethic and Hungarian Socialism

In his work Socialism; Ideals, Ideologies and Local Practice, Chris Hann includes the text in which Michael Steward analyses the Gypsy responses to Hungarian social policy providing the image of the sources of popular resistance to the massive experiment in social engineering undertaken by the socialist governments of the Soviet bloc. The text focuses on the twenty five years period in which the Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party led a vigorous campaign to assimilate the near half-million Gypsy population into the Magyar working class by trying to eliminate all traces of Gypsy lifestyle and behavior. In the author’s view there was there was an important plank formed in the social policy of the Hungarian regime. This happened due to several reasons: the largest minority in Hungary lived shocking poverty conditions, the state was looking to renew its socialist pledge by modernization under social equality and the economic, social and cultural distinctiveness of the Gypsies. The result of this campaign was not the one intended because Gypsies were in 1985 as prominent in the Hungarian society as they were in 1960. Moreover, the state had managed to create conditions in which, in popular imagination at least, being a Gypsy seemed the most viable way to survive the privations and humiliations of a planned economy. The campaign to assimilate Gypsies in socialist Hungary The campaign lasted from 1961 to 1985 and it began with the decision that Gypsies were neither an ethnic group nor a nation. Cultural factors did not play a significant role in the reproduction of Gypsies and the attempts to turn them into a nation had been misguided. Gypsy nationalists programs slowed down the process of assimilation and their self-organization and expression were to be discouraged. The author states the Gypsies were characterized by a way of life marked out behavioral traits such as scavenging, begging, hustling, dealing and laziness, all being products of their exclusion from the society and the economy of the past. Gypsies had been sustained by the feudal division of labour in which they had played an important role but lost their social importance as capitalist industrialization displayed their skills as redundant. The Hungarian social government thought in the early 1960s that â€Å"the Gypsy problem† could be solved once and for all.

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev was born in Tobolsk, Siberia, on February 7, 1834. Dmitri died January 20,1907 at age 73. He was a blonde haired, blue-eyed boy, and the youngest of 14 children. His mother Maria Korniliev s family settled in Tobolsk in the early 1700 s and introduced paper and glass making to Siberia. Ivan Dmitri s father died when he was a young boy, leaving his wife to support the large family. So Maria had to find work to put the children to school. Maria s family owned a glass factory, allowing her t take over managing the company for a modest wage from which she could support the family. Dmitri being the youngest must have been his mother s favorite child and was provided as many opportunities as she could afford. Form Dmitri s early years, she began to save money for Dmitri to attend the university. He spent many hours in the glass factory his mother operated, learning from the chemist about the concepts behind glass making and from the glass blower about the art of making glass. At age 14, he was attending the Gymnasium in Tobolsk. In that year a second major family tragedy occurred, the glass factory burned down. There was no money to rebuild and the only money was the money saved for Dmitri to go to the university. Maria was not about to give up her dreams for her son. She knew that Dmitri had to go to school on a scholarship. So she paused Dmitri to improve his grades and prepare for entrance exams. Dmitri did not want to or cared about other subjects other then science. He felt that history and Latin were dead subjects and waste of his time. In 1849, the family moved to Moscow. Because of political problems university was reluctant to admit anyone from outside of Moscow. Dmitri s mother did not want to give up here, so the family moved again to St. Petersburg. Dmitri took the entrance exams at Pedagogical Institute. He did not get the best grades but well enough to be admitted to the science teacher-training program on a full scholarship. Maria died shortly after Dmitri s acceptance at St. Petersburg. Shortly after his sister died, both from tuberculosis. Dmitri was now alone. He got tuberculosis also and the doctor told him he had two years to live unless he moves somewhere more suitable. Even with this disease he graduated on time. He had his future planed and did not want to die yet, so he move to Simferopol in the Crimean Peninsula. Between 1859 and 1861 he studied the densities of gases with Regnault, A. P. Borodin and Cannizzaro. These people had great influences in his life. He began to teach back at St. Petersburg in 1863. In 1866 he became known as Professor of Chemistry at the University and was made Doctor of Science. He loved to teach and spent most of his time in his classroom. Lot of his lab work including the periodic table was done on his spare time. In 1863 Dmitri married Feozva Nikitchna Lascheva. They had two children. A boy named Volodya, and a daughter named Olga. Mendeleev never really loved Feoza and spent little time with her. In January 1882 he divorced Feozva so he could marry his niece s best friend Anna Ivanova Popova. She was a lot younger than Dmitri but the town loved each other. They had four children together. He made several publications. Most famous one was Organic Chemistry, which was published in 1861 when he was 27 years old. This book won the Domidov Prize. The first edition of Principles of Chemistry was printed in 1868. Both of these books were classroom texts. His greatest accomplishment was the stating of the Periodic Law and the development of the Periodic table. He felt that there was some type of order to the elements, and spent more than thirteen years of his life collecting data and assembling the concept, initially with the idea of resolving some of the chaos in the field for his students. Dmitri was one of the first modern-day scientists that did not rely on his own work but in scientists around the world in order to receive data that they have collected. Then he used their data along with his own data to arrange the elements according to their properties. By 1869 he assembled detailed descriptions of more then 60 elements. On November 29, 1870 Dmitri took his concept even further by stating that it was possible to predict the properties of undiscovered elements. He then proceeded to make predictions for three new elements and suggested several properties of each, including density, radii, and combining ratios with oxygen, among others. People did not believe his theories. They just ignored it and did not take Dmitri s work seriously. In 1875 when Frenchman Lecoq de Boisbaudran discovered one of the predicted elements with he named Gallium, Dmitri ideas were taken seriously. The other two elements were discovered later and their properties were found to be remarkably similar to those predicted by Mendeleev. He was 35 years old when the initial paper was presented. Throughout the remainder of his life, Dmitri Mendeleev received numerous awards from carious organizations including the Davy Medal from the Royal Society of England in 1882, the Copley Medal, the Society s highest award in 1905. He got honorary degrees from universities around the world. Dmitri Mendeleev s work means a lot to us. Imagine how hard it would have been to memories the elements without a periodic table? I admire Dmitri, because not only for his achievements but the way he achieved them. He had a tough childhood and yet he turned out a brilliant man. Dmitri did not give up his dreams but kept chasing after them.

Dune by Frank Herbert Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dune by Frank Herbert - Essay Example Dune, proved that for centuries of overwhelming greed and need to acquire and retain more power through the political system as an avenue whereby reign and control is passed on to the generation next in line, a very classic feudal system that exists even at present. The political struggle brought about by the three feuding noble house describes how a ruler perceives the thrown: not just for source of power and wealth but most importantly the preservation of bloodline. Unfortunately, when an heir inherits a thrown, not only wealth and power is passed on, but also the "sins of his father" as when Paul Atreides put upon himself the burden of avenging the death of his father: "I swore never to wear it again until I was ready to lead my troops over all of Arrakis and claim it as my rightful fief" (p 363). Usually characterized by treachery, vengeance in Herbert's book coined "Kanly" to be a culturally accepted means to recover what is rightfully owned. Politics is known for the employment of necessary means to sustain greed, the manipulation of resources that is necessary to the community paving way for submission. This is how tyranny is born, a very controlled dictated manner of acquiring supremacy over the subject. This is not only evident in the way the CHOAM rules over the entire Imperium, for they are themselves dependent upon the resources found in the planet Dune. Thus political and personal interest over this planet paints every detail of treacherous plan to overthrow the house of Atreides. It is evident that once our greed overpowers our morals, we acquire the natural tendency to prevail our own selfish interests by resorting to evil and malicious ways. This is very apparent at present and we hear about this almost every day in the news. The advances that the modern times provides, encourages man to seek more, yet sometimes even with his acquisitions, still finds it inadequate. As prevalent as it may seem in our political system, regardless of the check and balance implemented to avoid this kind of problem, still a question remains, has feudalism really been successfully eradicated Or is it just lurking behind the skirts of so called democracy "Corruption wears infinite disguise" (Tleilaxu Thu-zan. P.83). On the Role of Religion: Religion as we already know extends its roots far beyond the creases of history whereby it plays an important role both in the aspect of faith and politics. In this book, Religion determines the manner with which a ruler governs, as evidenced by the significant influence of ancient teaching and the concept of the Benne Gesserit, who ordered the Missionaria Protectiva to spread prophecies and legends to the developing world and exploited these legends so that they gain respect and eventually power over these nave inhabitants who believes in contrive legends thus: "The Fremen around the ball glanced knowingly at each other. Did the legend not say: "And his word shall carry death eternal to those who stand against righteousness" (p 406). It is therefore clear the both religion and politics integrate itself into one determinant factor to sustain personal

Barriers to Literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Barriers to Literacy - Essay Example Over the years different legislations have been passed by government to facilitate the literacy and learning environment but at times these laws become a barrier as laws are difficult to understand and implement. Also, there could be administrative barriers at school, college, university, and district and state levels. Multicultural environments pose barriers to learning and literacy as students seek companionship with the people of same background and language. Interactions among classmates who are from vastly diverse linguistic backgrounds are different from the students with mainly same ethnic or linguistic background. â€Å"Traditionally, some of the factors that restrict access to full literacy for language-minority students have included (a) xenophobic English-only movements (Donahue, 1995); (b) limited resources and personnel within ESL (August & Hakuta, 1997); (c) controversy about bilingual education (Faltis & Hudelson, 1998; Krashen, 1996); (d) differences about the durati on and type of language services children should receive (Collier, 1987); and (e) cultural and linguistic deficit models (Luke, 1986)† (Grant & Wong, 2003). Motivation of individuals for stirring the process of literacy and human development is considered one of the main barriers to learning. â€Å"For adult learners, however, learning is not usually an externally imposed, secondary role, but one that they freely choose. Adults learn to achieve both intrinsic (Bruner, 1966) and extrinsic rewards† (Dinmore, 1997).

Escherichia Coli bacterium Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Escherichia Coli bacterium - Research Paper Example This bacterium is not completely aerobic that is it can survive in the presence of oxygen and it also has the capability to exist in the absence of oxygen by the process of fermentation. E. coli also has the property of movement though there are certain forms of the bacteria that form exceptions and do not move. The mobility is provided to it by flagellum, which is referred to as peritrichous flagella that is present on all sides of the bacteria. The bacterium does not have the property of forming spores. The bacterium has three antigens present. The antigen which is present on the cell wall of the bacteria is the â€Å"O† antigen, the antigen which is present on the flagellum is the â€Å"H† antigen and the antigen which is found on the capsule of the bacteria is the â€Å"K† antigen. These antigens have great variability with each of them existing in many different forms. This is the reason that E. coli exists in many different forms (Charles Davis; This bacter ia has been associated with many pathological conditions which include the inflammation of the gall bladder, inflammation of the biliary tract, infections of the urinary tract and the blood as well as diarrhea particularly traveler’s diarrhea.... E. coli is also listed as an infection which occurs in the hospital settings and has been associated with an average of 31 percent hospital acquired infections in the United States as well as a cause of diarrhea in 4 percent of the people. The meningeal inflammation that results due to E. coli should not be overlooked because it accounts for 8 percent of the deaths due to this condition and it can also result in pathological conditions of the nervous system (Science Daily; WHO 2005). Pathogenesis: The diarrhea that occurs due to the E. coli is caused by four classes of this bacterium which function in different ways. The first one is the Enteropathogenic E. coli that affect usually infants below the age of two years and hence occurrences are mostly reported from maternity homes. This group of E.coli has the capability of binding to the cells of the intestine and destructs its microvillus which leads to diarrhea. The spread occurs through the consumption of water or via the food that infants consume. (Charles Davis; WHO 2005). The next group of E. coli is Enterocytotoxigenic E. coli. This group is the major cause for traveler’s diarrhea in all age groups. It produces exotoxins which are known as heat labile and heat stable exotoxins. They have an effect on adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase respectively. These enzymes lead to a cascade of reactions which cause retention of fluid and electrolytes with the passage of the intestine. This is turn results in diarrhea. The cause for this infection is also via the dietary intake. The world health organization has reported that this group of E. coli accounts for a mortality rate which is very

Economic Trends in an Executive MBA school Essay

Economic Trends in an Executive MBA school - Essay Example The recession would create an impact on employment and many capable firms would have a well of skills to hire from. Some firms might decide to be choosy and a graduate degree might just prove to be relevant so as to keep up with the competition for jobs. This has seen many people go for MBA which stands a better chance than having BBA only. (Kotler, Philip & Kevin, 2012)   One of the other areas affected by the recession are the accounts receivable. The customers of the companies might not fail to make payment the money owed to the company at the right time, or they may never be able to pay. This turns into a violation of the credit agreement. Moreover, delinquent or late payment reduces the valuation of corporation’s debt, bonds and its ability for financial access. This means that firms would be rendered incapable to sustain its operational costs and might just close down. Many people would lose their jobs. In the preparation of such circumstances, higher level of expertis e would deem inevitable to keep the firm running. Proper financial management measures could be employed to sustain the firm in the industry. All these expertise can be acquired by advanced training and education.  The need for increased household income has grown higher with people resorting to venturing into two or even three jobs. This requires an extended level of expertise in the different fields. The loan programs give an opportunity for people to go back for an MBA and upgrade their certificates so that they can be able to fit.... The customers of the companies might not fail to make payment the money owed to the company at the right time, or they may never be able to pay. This turns into a violation of the credit agreement. Moreover, delinquent or late payment reduces the valuation of corporation’s debt, bonds and its ability for financial access. This means that firms would be rendered incapable to sustain its operational costs and might just close down. Many people would lose their jobs. In the preparation of such circumstances, higher level of expertise would deem inevitable to keep the firm running. Proper financial management measures could be employed to sustain the firm in the industry. All these expertise can be acquired by advanced training and education. The need for increased household income has grown higher with people resorting to venturing into two or even three jobs. This requires an extended level of expertise in the different fields. The loan programs give an opportunity for people to go back for an MBA and upgrade their certificates so that they can be able to fit at the competition of the search for white collar jobs. Some universities like the University of New Mexico offers scholarships for MBA students. In Germany, education is free of charge therefore one can have no reason not to take an MBA. The loan program has attracted a lot of people to undertake further studies as its an incentive. The federal government plays a vital role in helping its employees live a stable life. As a result of the economic fluctuations in the private sector, the populace decide to search for white collar jobs to be able to earn a stable income. The government would also engage in the act of increasing

Design assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Design - Assignment Example Skill-based pay will be introduced in organizations that pay remarkably high wages, provide remarkably high levels of teaching, and make far-reaching use of employee participation practices. These are self-managed groups, open sharing of corporate information pegged with various pay inventions. To design and implement the skill-based pay system, the business ought to first outline the work to be completed, and how it ought to be assigned between individuals and teams. Training must be established that is closely related to the blocks of skill satisfied in the pay system. Activities In a skill-based pay approach, instead of the essential building block of the human-resource management exist as the job, the rudimentary building core block ought to be the individual. The design mission in the organization needs to develop a classical example of what expertise each individual in the organization necessitates. The skill combination is identified in regard to each individual needs. This wi ll enhance to reflect the core capabilities of the organization and the way the business wishes to function from a management style point of understanding. The human-resource subsystems (such as the teaching systems, assortment system, the pay system, the evaluation system and the career progress systems) need to be allied with the development of individuals. This will aid the organization to end up with an accurate skill profile for each individual worker (Piskurich, 2003). A work design is possibly the most fundamental inference that aid in the undertaking of a skill-based tactic to management concerns in relation to area of work design. Personal descriptions ought to be established in relation to comprehensive job descriptions. These personal descriptions have to specify the skills that an individual requires to be effective in their specific work area. It is worth noting that the skill-based approach is most operational in work situations where knowledge work is used. Furthermor e, it is also relevant where individuals can add considerable worth to the product or service. This is because when individuals are self-managing, its efficiency is enhanced. Content As stated earlier, skill-based pay emphasizes on skills and pays individuals in relation to the skills they have. Blocks of skills desirable by the organization, except the job, characterize the basic units of study. In modest skill-based systems, employees may be remunerated for learning what, in principle, multiple jobs are. As a result, skill blocks in skill-based pay systems become equivalent to jobs in job-evaluation systems. Skill assessment, appraisal, authorization, pay rates, and teaching ought to be closely tied to skill blocks. This will allow these systems to work successfully and ensures the organization is being paid value for its investment in salaries, training, and other capitals (Pfeiffer and Ballew, 1998). Testing Methods The principle pay for performance production in any skill-based system relies on how well employees use their skills during a quantified time period. It comprises looking at what individuals add to the performance of their group. Where this is quantifiable, it may make logic to tie part of a person’s benefit to their individual input of their team. It is worth mentioning that the substitute to individual pay for a performance is not to quantify individual performance and to ground pay on organization business unit performance.

Strategic Management - BBC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Strategic Management - BBC - Essay Example The corporation has indeed been trying hard to come up to the expectations by implementing changes from time to time. BBC provides a wide range of programs and services, including television, radio, webcasts, interactive applications with programmes serving, national, local, children’s, educational, language interests. SWOT Analysis Strengths ï‚ § BBC is on the broadcasting horizon since the days Radio was invented, i.e. it is the first corporation to make use of ‘Broadcasting’ technique. ï‚ § Even in today’s market driven dynamics, BBC has maintained a unique identity of serving the interests of public broadcasts over and above the interests of advertisers and stakeholders. ï‚ § It has a strong infrastructure with 10 TV channels, 10 radio channels and runs 33 radio language services around the world. ï‚ § The staff strength of around 27, 000. ï‚ § Since it was the first one having started the broadcasts, therefore the inherent advantage of being the first one off the block will remain always with BBC. ï‚ § It earns its operating finances from the licenses paid by the households. ï‚ § The corporation has the backing of the government. ï‚ § BBC Resources is one of the largest production facilities in the UK offering services which include studios, outside broadcasts, post production, design, costumes and wigs. ï‚ § BBC Training provides courses, tailored training and consultancy services to help individuals and companies working in broadcasting and related industries. ï‚ § BBC caters to a wide range of viewers across the globe with services like BBC America, BBC Canada, BBC Japan, BBC Food, BBC Kids (Canada), BBC Prime BBC World, Animal Planet, People+Arts, UKTV, UK.TV (Australia) The ability to do truthful introspection and admit its shortcomings. Weaknesses Functioning of the corporation is being criticized in the public domain for quite some time now. In the recent past, BBC has tried to incorporate too many changes with limited success. Many of the steps have invited sharp reactions from different quarters. Its share of viewership/ audiences is on a downslide for quite a while now. With the high percentage of repeat broadcasts it appears there is dearth of talent in the corporation. Though BBC is an autonomous broadcasting corporation, yet in the recent past it has been mired in controversies on account of its overtly pro-government stance particularly for handling the stories of Iraq war and West Bank stories. Differences between different departments within the corporation Its dependence on the License fee as the main source of financing the operations. Opportunities Onset of digital technology in the field of terrestrial as well as satellite broadcasting. In fact, BBC Radio pioneered the world's first national digital radio service in September 1995. Corporation sees the need for improving the role of governors, which will help the corporation in managing the affairs more impartially. New editorial policy makes the corporation to improve the quality of editorials and the news content. Large number of BBC fans all across the globe. The corporation can provide them with quality content and truthful analysis, to make way for increasing the number of listeners/ viewers. BBC's urge to come of the London centric mould by shifting some of its offices outside London. This will provide the corporation better and wider perspective. The web space provides a hunting ground for catering to almost all segments

Managing in a global society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Managing in a global society - Essay Example Hofstede (1980) refers to culture as a collective mental programming of a group of people belonging to one region, which is difficult to change; in such settings specific culture becomes institutionalized in their family and educational structures, religious organisations, government, law, literature and even scientific theories. This is highly apparent among people belonging to one nation, in the form of national culture, which manifests itself even in organisations. Hofstede’s and Trompenaars’s dimensions explain how cultural differences impact management and leadership styles in different regions of the world; in addition, these analyses help in understanding why certain HRM practices and policies have differing impacts on employees of one multinational company operating from different regions of the world. House et al. (2004) have extensively studied cultural variations and their impact on societal functioning and leadership based on study conducted on 62 nations, r esulting in development of additional dimensions. This project emphasizes the need for effective international and cross-cultural communication, collaboration, and cooperation for effective practice of management and also betterment of human condition in order to thrive in the globalizing world markets and cultures. Hofstede’s work related to culture reveals that financial and management aspects related to an organization and nation are largely influenced by social values. Secondly, this study also revealed that corporate culture of an organization is largely influenced by its founders’ national culture. (Rowley & Lewis, 1996). Hofstede’s (1980) project... Increased competition and globalization in recent years have challenged many organizations to look for new locations, new markets, and new ways of doing business. This has opened up many opportunities for the organizations in terms of business models, diversified workforce, and provided economies of scale.Extensive research work and evidences in the areas of human resource policies and practices with respect to approaches used in managing people are attributed to various determinants of cross-national similarities and variations. Management and leadership styles are greatly influenced by national and societal cultures. For multinational organizations to succeed, it is important that the management is well informed of these differences; further HRM practices with respect to motivation, performance management and leadership should be modified to suit the local cultures. In the present situation, it is necessary to acquire a thorough understanding of national cultures and societal pract ices would be required for any organization to set up subsidiaries at multinational locations. This will help in formulating human resource policies and practices that are aligned with similarities and variations of national and organisational cultures in order to achieve effective management. All the managers involved in setting up operations at new locations should be trained on these aspects of intercultural differences.

Legal Aspects of Nursing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Legal Aspects of Nursing - Case Study Example In this case, the patients and the unit staff ought to relate freely in absentia of retaliation. The deprivation of the direct care and attention towards Mr Garcia violated this principle. Consequently, his wife had a retaliatory relationship with the staff in the nursing unit. The dishonor of this principle was also in the deprivation of direct attention that enhanced distance and retaliation within Mr Garcia. Evidently, the Respective Relations principle was involved in Mr Garcia’s case. Medical necessity was an additional principle involved in Mr Garcia’s case. This principle requires a prudent physician to deliver prevention, diagnosis, or treatment to the patient (American Medical Association, 2010). In this case, Medical care is a basic necessity (Youngberg, 2013). It is not an optional consideration. Evidently, the physicians deprived Mr Garcia direct medical attention. This is a violation of the Medical necessity principle. Honoring this principle would entail direct and affectionate attention towards Mr Garcia at the soft restraints. In his situation, measures of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment were not adequately established. Therefore, they deprived Mr Garcia his basic right as a patient. Apparently, it was a major violation of the Medical necessity principle. Administrative simplification is a principle that is involved in this case. This principle advocates for disintegration within the complex and confusing roles and communications. It implicates that there ought to be a congruent assignment of roles, and a clear communication strategy (American Medical Association, 2010). Shared governance would propel the visions and objectives of this principle. In this case, every staff member would feel accountable to handle a patient (Youngberg, 2013). Honoring this principle would require the nurses to uphold authority and attend to Mr Garcia maximally. The nurses in Garcia’s case violated

Undertake a Project Essay Example for Free

Undertake a Project Essay Q1. A project is a defined set of planned and managed activities carried out for a period of time, which has a defined start and end time. (State of New South Wales, Dep of Education and Training 2013, Topic 1, p.1) E.g. the erection of bus stop shelters on all bus stops in the suburb of Wellwish. The features of a project include: * Having a defined beginning and end date. (The project will run for approximately 7 months) * It has unique purpose with specific objectives that meet the client’s goals and requirements within specified quality and performance criteria. (The bus shelters will provide protection from the sun and rain in summer and rainy for bus commuters in the suburb). * Uses resources, such as money, time, people and equipment that have been allocated to the project. (This project will be go source of income to the local community as they will be employed to undertake most of the work) * Usually follows a planned and structured approach to meet their objectives. (The will be road and foot path closures in the areas where the construction of the bus shelter will be, but there will be notices in advance of which roads will be affected. This will minimise any unforseen accident from the members of the Wellwish suburb). * Have a primary sponsor or stakeholders who provide directions and funding. (Apart from the local council being the main sponsor of this project, the local community will be given up-to-date information on the progress of this project and any disruptions which might occur in the process). Q2 1.Planning Originates Controlling: In planning process, the objectives or targets are to be set, and to achieve those goals, control process is required. So we can say that Planning precedes control. 2. Control sustains planning: Controlling directs the course of planning. Controlling spots the areas where planning is required. 3. Controlling provides information for planning: In controlling, the performance is compared with standards and deviations, if any, are to be recorded. The information collected during any type of control, is used for planning also. 4. Planning and control are inter-related: Planning is the initial step of a project and controlling is in the process and required at every step. For the same both are dependent upon each other and inter-related. 5. Both are forward looking: Planning is always for the future and control is forward looking. No one has the control on past, it is only the future, which can be controlled. There are tools which will be using in the smooth operation of the project of erection of bus shelters in the suburb of Wellwish. In this project I have decided to use three tools which will assist us in the planning and controlling of activities throughout the duration the project, they are the work breakdown schedule (WBS), the Gantt chart and the critical path method. THE WORK BREAKDOWN SCHEDULE (WBS): This tool will help us high light the goals of the project, its objectives, its tasks and sub-tasks and all the work activities which will be undertaken during the construction the bus shelters in the suburb (State of New South Wales, Dep of Education and Training 2013, Topic 2, p.12). THE GANTT CHARTS: This is the most used chart in most projects undertaken. They will be used to demonstrate various forms of project schedule information during the construction of the bus shelters. This chart will help us to see if the anticipated start and finish dates for the activities called for in a plan are on schedule. (Cole,2013, pp.505).They will be represented in a series of horizontal bars or lines in a given month/months. CRITICAL PATH METHODS This tool will be used to analyse the duration of the project by calculating the longest path within the project i.e which task will take the shortest period and longest period to complete. This will help us to focus and manage closely the task which might take long to complete (State of New South Wales, Dep of Education and Training 2013, Topic 2, p.14). Q3 Initiation A solid project initiation will not only set your project up for success but it will also lay the groundwork for all future stages. During initiation, I will get the project team members assigned, brief them on the overall project goals and ask the client or project owner as many questions as possible so you can plan the project efficiently. This is also a great time to build team enthusiasm about the project and collect any last minute details that might influence project planning. (Stricker, 2013) Planning Once I have initiated the project and gathered all relevant information, I will then begin planning the project. Katie Stricker (2013) explains that the planning stage will depends on the size of the project, how much information i have to organize and how large your team is. The end result of planning should be a clear project plan or schedule, from which everyone will follow their assigned tasks. Using a project-planning program such as Microsoft Project or Basecamp will be extremely helpful when planning a project. I will be using Excel and Word to create my plan and communicate it to the team will be the most effective way. Execution This is stage in which the team can begin executing the project against their assigned tasks (Stricker, 2013). This is the stage where everyone actually starts doing the work. I will officially kick-off the execution stage with in-person meetings to ensure everyone has what they need to begin executing their part of the project. Getting the team started on the right track is essential to project’s success, so a well-articulated schedule and communications plan will made clearly to all the team members. Monitor and Control While the project is in the execution stage, i will begin monitoring and controlling it to ensure its proceeding along as planned. There are a variety of ways I will be monitoring and controlling the project. Casual check-ins with team leaders, organized daily stand-ups† or more formal weekly status meetings are effective. The information that comes out of these meetings or communication channels will inform the feedback loop and ultimately any re-planning and adjustments that will be necessary to the project (Stricker, 2013). Project Close Once all the details and tasks of the project are complete and approved by the council of Wellwish, then I will finally close the project. The closing of a project is just as important as its initiation, planning and execution. I will be documenting all the information from the project and organize it neatly so if there will be need to go back to it, the information will be readily available. This will be also a good time to hold a review on the project so all team members can reflect on what went right, or wrong during the project. This should also be documented so the outcome can be shared with other project members and filed in a project history fold (Stricker, 2013). KEY ES| | EF| S| | | LS| | LF| PART 2 Activities of the critical path. 1| B| 6| 5| $45| | 6| 5| 11| 6| D| 10| 5| $52| | 11| 4| 13| 10| F| 14| 4| $56| | 14| 4| 18| 18| H| 20| 0| $30| | 18| 2| 20| 0| A| 1| 5| $20| | 5| 1| 6| 3| E| 5| 8| $40| | 11| 2| 13| 10| G| 13| 3| $36| | 13| 3| 16| 1| C| 3| 8 | $30| | 9 | 2| 11| 16| I| 20| 0| $60| | 16| 4| 20| (S=LF-EF or S= LS-ES) Cost ($000’s) b) The duration of the critical path was 6 months Activity| 1m| 2ms| 3ms| 4ms| 5ms| 6ms| 7ms| 8ms| 9ms| 10ms| 11ms| 12ms| 13ms| 14ms| 15ms| 16ms| 17ms| 18ms| 19ms| 20ms| A| $20| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | B| | $45| $45| $45| $45| $45| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C| | $30| $30| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | D| | | | | | | $52| $52| $52| $52| | | | | | | | | | | E| | | | $40| $40| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | F| | | | | | | | | | | $56| $56| $56| $56| | | | | | | G| | | | | | | | | | | $36| $36| $36| | | | | | | | H| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $30| $30| | | | | I| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $60| $60| $60| $60| Cost ($000’s) REFERENCE LIST: Stricker, Katie 2013, The five stages of a project, Viewed 09/09/13, http://www.management.about.com/od/projectmanagement/a/Five-Stages-of-a-Project.htm Cole,K 2013, Management: theory and practice, 5th edn Pearson Australia, NSW State of New South Wales, Department of Education and Training, 2013, Define project, TAFE NSW, Sydney, NSW State of New South Wales, Department of Education and Training, 2013, Develop project plans, TAFE NSW, Sydney, NSW

Global Warming Controversy in Political Perspective

Global Warming Controversy in Political Perspective Raihan JamilENGL-1005Alison Grifa Ismaili Former president of the United States, Barack Obama said I am often asked whether I believe in Global Warming. I now just reply with the question: Do you believe in gravity? quoted in Washington Post (Samenow, 2011, p. LZ01). Barack Obama stated Global Warming as an established fact. On the other hand, current president of the United States, Donald Trump expressed the opposite view. He stated, The concept of global warming was created by the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive quoted in New York Times (Edward Wong, 2015, P. wa23). It is clear that the idea global warming has been shifted from obscure scientific fact to public anxiety and international political regulatory interest. The world is facing an unprecedented set of challenges to address global warming. International organizations have tried to set up a reformed policy to cope with the situation but political disagreements, public anxiety and suspicion make it difficult to face the challenges of globa l warming. The purpose of this essay is to clarify the debate of global warming in a scientific view relating to political controversy. According to the French relativist sociologist Cyril Lemieux controversies, which are conflicts, always have a triadic structure. It means that there are always situations where the opposition between two groups is staged in front of a public of peers (Lemieux, 2007, P. 59). From the above point of view, there is a difference between scientific knowledge and other forms, because scientific knowledge must to go through peer review. That does not mean that the scientific knowledge is absolutely true. The more the non-specialists are set to a position of judgement, the more it would like to be a controversy. Political interests brought this in institutional crisis. According to Zajoke (2011) in his article, the scientific point of view has not changed much about the global warming but public understanding has changed. Political perception influenced this change (P. 459). So, the burning question is, why is global warming so connected to global politics? To understand the relationship of global warming to global politics, it is necessary to understand the responsible facts of global warming. In simple way, global warming can be defined as the phenomenon of increasing the earths temperature. This increase happens due to trapping heat in the earths atmosphere coming from the solar system. Heat coming from the solar system has a shorter wavelength but when it returns, the wavelength increases and gets trapped and creates an imbalance of incoming and outgoing heat. This happens because of the presence of greenhouse gasses live in the atmosphere and there is a direct relationship between greenhouse gasses and industrial activity. History says, there was no significant change in the temperature of the Earth up to 1890s, but in the twentieth century, the worlds temperature has increased by and drawn a deserved concern for humankind. This may lead to our plan ets cataclysm. Much of the earth surface might go under sea water. Industrial activity produces more greenhouse gasses which are thought to be responsible for the global temperature rise. Therefore, the industrial activities of the developed countries are more responsible for the rise of global temperature but the developing countries are in the most vulnerable situations. Why should one group of people bear the negative effects of anothers activity? This is the reason that the global politics is closely connected to global warming. The international authorities have tried tried to establish regulations to reduce the amount of greenhouse gasses and to compensate the affected countries. Carbon tax is one example of such type of compensation. The industries or countries who are responsible for carbon emission will pay a tax as a penalty for the emission. But, some powerful countries have rejected this regulation and tried to bring this in worlds political platform (Demeritt, 2013, p. 49). Politicians often lie to disprove the fact of global warming and try to create controversial situation. The history of the earths geological activities are complex and there are some scientific findings that the global warming is a cyclic process. Scientists claimed that several hundreds of thousands year ago, the earth has experienced the temperature rise as it is experiencing now. But it is obvious that the global temperature is rising. In the short term, the effect of global warming cant understand easily. But in the long term, it will cause huge damage to the environment as it is a slow process. Politicians often try to take advantage of scientific bias by making people suspicious about the fact. Professor Tol from Sussex University mentioned some short-term benefits of global warming in his book titled How Much Have Global Problems Cost the world? He said that an increment of temperature up to 3 degree Celsius from which 0.80 degree Celsius has occurred already in the last 150 y ears, has some beneficial effects; for instance, more resilient plants, a more diverse food supply, low energy cost, better agricultural effects, richer bio diversity, and lower mortality rate (Demeritt, 2001 p. 307). This is the established fact that the global warming is a slow process and hard to understand its effect. People often get skeptical because of this characteristic. People want to believe eye catching things, and politicians try to take advantage of this. It is so easy to create confusion about global warming whose impacts are barely noticed in broad perspective. Global warming is a gradual process of worlds cataclysm. Its hard to understand its direct impact as it is a slow process. Again, the final impact is surely devastating though there are some apparent advantages within the tolerance limit. World politicians should think about What they want to leave for the next generation?. They might get short term economic benefit from the controversy of global warming, but in the long term, it would be a real disaster. The world should go through the reformistic approach in order to help offset global warming. References dApollonia, LS 2013, Global warming controversy: A trojan horse of modernity, International Journal of Science in Society, 4, 41-50. Retrieved from https://judithcurry.com/2013/10/15/global-warming-a-trojan-horse-of-modernity/ Demeritt, D. (2001). The Construction of global warming and the politics of science. Annals of The Association of American Geographers, 91(2), 307. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.195.6444rep=rep1type=pdf Lemieux, A. (2007). Why is planet Earth so habitable? Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70, 18-22. Retrieved from http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006GeCAS.70Q.323K Samenow, J. (2011, May 24). Global warming in 2015 made weather more extreme and its likely to get worse any ytimes. The Washington Post. Retrieved https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/weather-in-2015-was-warmer-and-more-extreme-than-ever-and-its-likely-getting-worse/2016/01/20/8d. Wang, E. (2016, Nov. 19). Trump has called climate change a chinese Hoax. Beijing Says It Is Anything But. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/19/world/asia/china-trump-climate-change.html Zajko, M. (2011). The shifting politics of climate science. Society, 48,457-461. Retrieved from doi:10.1007/s12115-011-9477-9.

The Feminist Sentencing Law

The Feminist Sentencing Law Feminist Sentencing Law Outline and evaluate feminist critiques of sentencing policy A feminist discourse of criminology is a relatively recent development and is seemingly much needed in field which is dominated primarily by men, both in terms of law professionals and offenders. For this reason, it will first be necessary to outline briefly the general principles behind sentencing policy before progressing to a consideration of feminist critiques. This will first examine the critical standpoint taken towards women as offenders, viewing sentencing policy in the light of liberal feminism, ‘difference’ standpoints and finally in respect of postmodernist views. This will lead on to a brief discussion of critiques of sentencing policy in crimes in which women are victims rather than offenders, and an examination of the way in which this can be seen to endorse patriarchal structures in society. As a result of this, the essay will conclude that feminist critiques of sentencing have an important role to play in raising awareness of the dominance of male perspectives in criminology. The law is objective in the sense that there is no discrepancy in the definition of crime dependent on the sex of the perpetrator. There is, however, the possibility that gender has a bearing society’s perception of crime, which may in turn influence the sentencing procedure. Ashworth (2002) identifies the introduction of mandatory and minimum sentencing in the Crime (Sentences) Act 1997 as a significant restriction on judges’ discretion. However, judges still exercise a significant amount of discretionary power in determining the nature and length of sentences. This allows the full range of contributing factors to be taken into account, but also introduces the possibility of the sentence being affected by factors with no bearing on the deed in question. Sentencing may also be motivated by a number of different concerns. This variety of justifications for choosing a particular type of punishment over another is relevant to a discussion of feminist theory, as again it is subject to interpretation and discretion. In addition, some critics claim that certain approaches are particularly appropriate or inappropriate to women, or that there are significant differences in the way in which these theories are applied to the different sexes. A consideration of feminist critiques of sentencing policy must then take into account the motivation for respective sentences imposed on men and women as well as the nature and length of the sentences themselves in order to evaluate the validity of such perspectives. Gelsthorpe and Morris (1992) point out that although criminology is male-oriented, it does not deal with men and masculinity, but rather ‘deals with men without acknowledging this and hence creates theories about criminals without a conceptualisation of gender.’ (p.3-4). Bryson (1999) attributes this to the under-representation of women in the judiciary, highlighting it as a decisive factor in confirming the marginalisation of women’s experiences. The legal system is indeed dominated by male professionals, for example only 22% of police officers and 9% of high court judges are female (The Fawcett Society, 2007), confirming the likelihood of the law being treated in correspondence with dominant male interests. Some feminists would further Bryson’s position (Bryson, 1999) and argue that the law itself is based on a gendered process of moral reasoning and thus protects men in society. This is supported by Gilligan’s ideas juxtaposition of an ethic of responsibility (which determines women’s moral thinking) with the male ethic of rights (Gilligan, 1982 cited in Bryson, 1999). Feminist perspectives, therefore, play an important role in highlighting the extent to which male perspectives dominate models of sentencing and introducing the possibility of an alternative, female experience. Gelsthorpe draws attention to the absence of one, single homogenous feminist view, highlighting instead the existence of ‘differences and tensions’ (2002:511). All feminist approaches, however, find common ground in arguing against the traditional perception of courts showing a greater degree of leniency towards women than towards men. This is confirmed by statistical analysis, highlighting the fact that only a small percentage of known offenders are female (19% in 2002) and the lesser magnitude of crimes committed by women. Shoplifting is the most commonly occurring crime among women, followed by drug offences, theft and fraud (www.crimeinfo.org.uk). This, however, contrasts the fact that between 1995 and 2005, the imprisonment rate for women in England and Wales increased by 175% (compared to an increase of only 85% for men) (www.crimeinfo.org.uk). This alone suggests a greater readiness to sentence female offenders to imprisonment for less serious crimes. This is confirmed by the number of female offenders who have no previous convictions and who are sent to prison (over a third of the whole female prison population), which is more than double the proportion of men who are sent to prison for a first offence (www.crimeinfo.org.uk). This adds weight to feminist critiques of sentencing policy and stands in direct contradiction to the chivalrous viewpoint, whereby women are perceived to be treated more leniently because men do not consider them capable of being motivated by criminality and thus are reluct ant to treat them harshly. Feminist critiques oppose this idea of chivalry and introduce the concept of double deviance: not only are women deviant in the sense that the have committed a crime, but they have contravened society’s expectations of ‘normal’ feminine behaviour and are thus doubly stigmatised (Heidensohn, 1992). Therefore as well as being punished for their crimes, women are sanctioned for deviating from their perceived feminine role. Thus women have been historically portrayed in relation to ‘stereotypes based on their supposed biological and psychological nature.’ (Gelsthorpe, 2002:517). A liberal feminist perspective would attempt to combat this by demanding equal treatment for men and women and insisting that the same structural analyses of class, state control and policisation of deviance which came to be applied to male crime is extended to women (Gelsthorpe, 2005). The liberalist view of equality demands the insertion of women into such theories, and their equal treatment within the system, but the limitations of such a position quickly become clear. Smart dismisses such a liberal perspective as having ‘done so little to emancipate women’ (2003:76) and it is evident that while it causes women to be acknowledged within the field of criminology, it does little to challenge stereotypes of female behaviour. A simple demand for equality of treatment fails to acknowledge the fact that theories of women’s crime may demand a starting point distinct from that of male deviance (Gelsthorpe, 2002). Equality does not necessarily mean the same treatment for all, but could be applied to the need to consider theoretical perspectives in the same way, whilst acknowledging the fact that male and female notions of crime are rooted in different systems of behaviour. Naffine identifies this shortcoming in reinforcing the way which liberal feminism, although calling for a consideration of a female discourse of criminology, tends to leave the male dominated theories intact and does not demand that these be reconsidered in the light of feminist critiques (1997:36) This acknowledgement of difference is consistent with ‘difference’ theories of feminism, which call for a broader conceptualisation of the context of gender and power relations in order to consider female criminality. This approach goes beyond demanding that women be treated equally, arguing that it is inappropriate to apply certain forms of male criminology to women, and as such women should be treated differently within the criminal justice system. It focuses on how women’s ‘experiences’ are distinct from men’s, and the implications of this for sentencing policy. One widely-held belief of this theoretical standpoint is that the difference between male and female experience renders prison inappropriate for women, as it subjects them to further oppression on the basis of gender roles already present in society, and as such, alternative sentences should be prioritised. A variety of reasons are given by way of justification for this. Smart (1976) argues that the role which women are expected to adopt in prison reinforces the gendered perception of them in society, with tasks such as cooking, cleaning and sewing taking priority over the kind of vocational training which might benefit them to find employment on their release. This is compounded by the fact that women’s sentences are typically shorter than men’s. Statistics highlight that many more women are reminded in custody pending trial than men, and that less than half of these are actually sentenced to serving any time in prison. (www.crimeinfo.org.uk). Furthermore sentences tend to be shorter, for example nearly two-thirds (63%) of women sentenced to custody in 2005 were given a sentence of six months or less (The Fawcett Society, 2007). Proportionally then, more women tend to be imprisoned for shorter periods, long enough to disrupt their home life, but not long enough to allow them to develop strategies to readjust to life on the outside. Smart (1976) suggests that the reinforcement of dominant and patriarchal gender norms in prisons is based on the fact that a woman who is stereotypically passive and caring is not a criminal woman, and this is, therefore, another consequence, perhaps, of the double deviance view of female offenders. The claim for different treatment of men and women also endorses the societal status quo in its basis on women’s traditional role within the family. Statistics abound as to the number of women with child dependents taken into custody and the negative impact separation. Smart (1976) identifies this familial function as one of the reasons for which prison is an inappropriate sanction for female offenders, and attributes the increased hardships which women experience in prison as due, in part, to their greater need for family life and the consequences of enforced separation from their children (p.140). To subscribe to such a view, however, neglects the possibility of men as primary caregivers for their children and creates a gendered perception of family life in which the role of the woman is perceived to be superior to that of the man. This reinforces stereotypical views of women and also risks advocating a two-tier perception of the female criminal justice system, in which women who are also mothers are given greater worth than those who are not. Psychological differences between women and men are also highlighted as a reason for varying prison experience of the two genders. The Fawcett society cites statistics on the prevalence of self harm, suicide attempts and other mental health issues in women prisoners as compared to men. Gelsthorpe (2002) attributes this to the systems of control which operate within prisons, locating the problem in the way in which women are treated in custody than the unsuitability of prison sentences for women per se. To highlight mental health issues as a reason for which women should not be imprisoned is in a sense to endorse a stereotype of women as weak and fragile and thus condone the very perceptions which feminists seek to destroy. Difference perspectives then create a paradox in that the argument for a different approach to women also endorses a structurally stereotyped view. Postmodern approaches move beyond this to acknowledge commonalities in male and female experiences of sentencing, and emphasise the importance of power structures extending beyond the division of men and women. Gelsthorpe (2002) rejects the idea of innate differences between men and women, believing instead that these differences are socially constructed. Wider considerations of the circumstances of crime are necessary, but these should focus on other forms of structural oppression in society. In accordance with this, Naffine (1997) denies the possibility of criminal women and claims that just as there is no homogenous explanation for why men commit crime, theories must look beyond gender to ideas of diversity and socio-economic status in attempting to explain criminal behaviour in both men and women (p.53). Gelsthorpe (2002) too supports this view in claiming that the question should be less about crime in relation to men and women, but the political process of criminology and the consideration of why certain acts have come to be defined as criminal, while others remain legal. These perspectives, therefore, situate feminist critiques in the wider context of a society in which gender is one of many factors giving rise to oppression and in which diverse structural forces operate across each other to shape perceptions and reactions to criminal deeds. This is reflected in general support for retributive justice, in which sentences are motivated by consideration of compensation for the victim and therefore often involve community focussed sentences. While this seems more fitting to the rehabilitative function which has been seen to be lacking in the imprisonment of women, feminist critics also raise concerns about the appropriateness of this approach to crimes where women have been victimised or oppressed. By the very fact that it takes place within a society and system heavily dominated by male concerns, such an approach can be seen to reinforce structures of oppression in terms of violent crimes against women. This essay could not be complete without acknowledging the body of feminist literature which argues for the oppression of women in society by the very fact that men are not sentenced severely enough for crimes which they commit against women. This approach draws attention to the inadequacy of laws themselves, coupled with a lack of enforcement and triviality of sentences imposed by ‘a largely ageing, male judiciary’ (Edwards, 1992:146). This then echoes Bryson’s point that the dominance of men in the legal profession means that sentencing can never truly reflect women’s interests. Feminist critiques appear clearer and more unified here than in terms of the sentencing of female offenders. Naffine argues that the sexual relations of men to women implied within the common understanding of rape reflect a culturally dominant male view (1997:104), thus women’s interests are not reflected in bringing perpetrators to justice. Chambers and Millar (1992) examine the process of rape trials and the way in which cross-examination typically tries to imply some amount of blame on the part of the woman for not resisting more strongly, thus perhaps having an effect on the sentencing procedure and encouraging less severe sentences. The very nature of rape as a private crime, often with no witnesses and only the word of the victim against that of the defendant means that conviction and sentencing are problematic at best, but this should not be used as justification for dismissing feminist critiques of sentencing, which make a valid point about the dominance of male perspectives and attitudes within the judiciary system. It is evident, therefore, that feminist critiques have filled a gap in terms of female perspectives in criminology, and they are significant for this very reason. It has emerged in the course of the discussion however, that it is more the way in which sentences endorse the societal status quo than the sentences themselves which seem to be inappropriate, although feminists are justified in highlighting the worrying trend towards the imprisonment of women. It is not, enough, however to insert women into pre-existing theories which deal with men: the prevalence of male attitudes in the criminal justice system means that oppressive attitudes need to be reviewed, not just in the light of women, but in the consideration of other oppressed minorities in society, in order to ensure a system which really is fair to all. References Ashworth, A. (2002) Sentencing, in M. Maguire et al. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.1105-1135 Bryson, V. (1999) Feminist Debates: Issues of theory and political practice. Basingstoke: Macmillan Chambers, G Millar, A (1992) Proving Sexual Assault: Prosecuting the offender or persecuting the victim? in P. Carlen and A. Worral (eds.) Gender, Crime and Justice. Milton Keynes; Philadelphia: Open University Press, pp.58-80 Crime Info (2007) Women, Gender and Crime [online] accessible at http://www.crimeinfo.org.uk /servlet/factsheetservlet?command=viewfactsheetfactsheetid=110category=factsheets [accessed 27th November 2007] Edwards, S. (1992) Violence against women: Feminism and the law in L. Gelsthorpe A. Morris (eds.) Feminist perspectives in criminology. Milton Keynes; Philadelphia: Open University Press, pp.145-159 Fawcett Society (2007) Women and the criminal justice system: The facts [online] accessible at http://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/index.asp?PageID=30. [accessed 27th November 2007] Gelsthorpe, L. (2002) Feminism and Criminology, in M. Maguire et al. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.511-533 Gelsthorpe, L. Morris, A. (1992) Introduction: Transforming and transgressing criminology, in L. Gelsthorpe A. Morris (eds.) Feminist perspectives in criminology. Milton Keynes; Philadelphia: Open University Press, pp.1-6 Heidensohn, F. (1992) Women and Crime: Questions for Criminology, in P. Carlen and A. Worral (eds.) Gender, Crime and Justice. Milton Keynes; Philadelphia: Open University Press, pp.16-27 Naffine, N. (1997) Feminism and Criminology. Cambridge: Polity Press Smart, C. (1976) Women, Crime and Criminology: A Feminist Critique. London: Routledge Smart, C (2003) Feminism and the Power of Law. London; New York: Routledge

Can cell phones cause cancer? :: essays research papers

Technology has always made an impact on our society. Over the last few decades, there have been many inventions that have changed our lifestyles. Cellular Telephony has, by all accounts, modified how we interact with others; but at what cost? Are there health issues associated with this technology? More explicitly can cell phones cause cancer? This question is the basis of this review. The researcher has compiled articles that cover this topic from diverse scholarly sources, and diverse countries. It is undeniable that cellular technology has become main stream. â€Å"It was estimated that there were 92 million cell phone users in the US, a number growing by one million every month.† (Frumkin, Jacobson, Gansler & Thun 2001). The arrival and widespread use of cell phones has peaked interest of the health effects of radiofrequencies in the human body. Cell phones use radio frequencies to transmit signals. Radio Frequencies (RF) are a form of electrical waves similar to those used in radios, microwaves, radars or satellite stations. They are emitted from a transmitter, and received using an antenna. This telephony technology is restricted geographically to small zones called â€Å"Cells†. Every cell has a base station capable of sending and receiving radio waves. When a call is started a signal leaves the handheld unit headed to the closest base station. This station answers by allocating a specific channel to the unit. When this â€Å"channel† is established, modulated radio frequency signals are both received and transmitted. The head of the user is in the near field of use because the distance from the antenna to the head is a few centimeters. (Blettner & Berg 2000) If the antenna is inside the body of the phone, the exposure to Radio Frequencies is greater. The antenna might be requesting a stronger signal to cont est with the interference of the battery or the actual shell of the phone’s body. The level of RF a person receives is related to many factors, not only the placement of the antenna. Factors that can increase the level of RF are the number of â€Å"cells†, the distance to the â€Å"base station†, or the obstacles between the caller and the station. The number of cell zones depends on the user population. Heavily populated areas have more cells allowing for more telecommunication traffic. Being close to a cell site lowers the power needed to sustain a call, hence reduces the exposure to RF.

Graduation Speech: The Important Things in Life -- Graduation Speech,

Well, I am supposed to give a speech, so sit back and enjoy the ride, hopefully it will not be too bumpy. I am sure all of us are really excited by now. You're probably thinking, "Yeah, we are finally out of here. We've survived all four years. It's time to party and move on in life." Yet, we are losing a great deal. We'll lose a lot of great teachers, we are giving up this small caring community, and in return we are moving to larger schools -- where we will be known by number rather than name. And we are splitting up. We are all going our own ways, and many of us will never see each other again. Yeah, we are losing a great deal, but we can't say we haven't gained anything because it just isn't true. We've gained knowledge, experience, responsibility, maturity, integrity and a diploma. These are all very important, but we have gained something much more important than all of these. We have gained a class ... friendship ... a sense of community. Throughout these last four years we have grown so tightly together that we have become one single identity -- the graduating class ...

Personal Narrative: Fate :: essays research papers

I gazed out the window, amazed at how the sun rose from the horizon and illuminated the dimly lit car. It was the beginning of August but my teeth chattered violently as I sat against the cold seat. My grandfather was wise to insist that I change from my bathing suit before we left from our annual trip in Atlantic City, New Jersey, however, my sister and I choose to spend our last minutes merrily wadding in the ocean. A feeble yawn escaped my lips as I felt the cold penetrate through the flimsy blanket and make my clothes cling to my skin. I was going home. I had anticipated the trip all summer long and now that it was over, I wanted one more swim, one more ride, and one more delightful taste of fluffy cotton candy. It was time to go back to the reality of an unhealthy grandma and the fear of death. My grandma was an alcoholic and I had grown used to the numerous trips to the hospital and the promises of change with the apologies of regret. Day after day, she would sit in the old flower-patterned wooden chair drinking the forty-ounce beer, which she weakly tried to obfuscate in the wrinkled brown paper bag. At the innocent age of eleven, I knew about the evil brown elixir that she tried to conceal and the smell of it made my nostrils flare and stomach churn in repulsion. The silence in the car became deafening as the reality of what awaited me at home became translucent. The doctors would do as they always did, give her advice, the number to a rehabilitation center and she would come home with a cry of redemption. After a week of abstinence and several incidents of violence, she would sooth her emotions with a drink. In order to regain composure she needed divine intervention and the support of her family. Unlike most of the members of my family, I still believed that she was capable of recovery but I was also slowly losing faith in her. Before we left for New Jersey, she had learned that her liver was failing and she had no more chances to rectify her life. She had to stop. Through my tired eyes, I observed a feathery white cloud float across the sky and obscure the radiant sun. We were almost home and I could not get the haunting thoughts out of my head.

Abdul kalam azad Essay

Abdul Kalam, is an Indian scientist and manager who worked as the 1 lth President of India that is from 2002 to 2007. Kalam was born and raised in Rameswaram and Tamil Nadu. He studied physics at the St. Joseph’s College, Tiruchirappalli, and he continued his aerospace engineering at the Madras Institute of Technology (MIT), Chennai. Dr. kalam is by no means a miracle man . His advice to the teenager of the nation is to â€Å"dream’ dream and convert these into thoughts and later into action â€Å"Dream, dream and dream. Then translate your dreams into thoughts and then into action†¦ † is President Kalam’s favorite mantra. His life itself is an example of this philosophy – rising from a fisherman’s village to ending up in the presidential palace and along the way launching a bunch of missiles and winning a few ‘Padma’ (and Bharat Ratna) awards. His simplicity is remarkable, considering the presidential office in India still has Raj vestiges. (They even had a person Just to tie the president’s shoelaces. President Kalam got rid of this humiliating practice. There are all kinds of stories of his mingling with children and giving them pep talks, and how he drove up to Mrs. M. S. Subbalakshmi’s residence to personally present her the Bharat Ratna award. He is everything we dream in the highest ranking Indian – high- tech sa’. n. y, passionate, secular, inspiring, hard working and approachable. If you don’t already know, this bachelor and vegetarian writes poems and diddles with his veena in his spare time. Dr. Abdul Kalam, is additionally an acclaimed scientist. He is tremendously unobtrusive, delicate spoken, great mannered, unassuming and is true illustration of ‘simple living and high thinking. He is an eleventh President of India and his rise to his present, desired post demonstrates the auspicious working of our extraordinary democracy system. Dr. Kalam is a man of vision and has elevated dreams for Mother India. Before long in the wake of taking pledge of office as President, he said to his comrades, proclaiming his purpose to make India an improved nation.

Torture ever an acceptable method of obtaining information

Is torture ever an acceptable method of obtaining information ? BY Kvrm 234 Is torture ever an acceptable method of obtaining information? For most of us, our gut Instinct Is to say ‘no' and studies have shown that Information obtained by the use of torture is unreliable. However, imagine a hypothetical situation where a terrorist group has planted a bomb and the government caught one of its members.This captured terrorist will only admit to planting a bomb In a high traffic area. Would that convince you to use torture? Or what if a terrorist captured your family and took them to a secret location. Like the bomb scenario, the authorities have managed to capture one of the terrorists but he won't give up the location. Would you have any qualms about using torture to extract the information, even if that information might be faulty?Here's a news story clip about the effectiveness (or In this case the Ineffectiveness) of torture: It's become the conventional wisdom that the tortur ed will say anything to make the torture stop, and that â€Å"anything† need not be truthful as long as it is what the torturers want to hear. But years worth of studies In neuroscience, as well as new research, suggest that here are, in addition, fundamental aspects of neurochemistry that increase the chance that information obtained under torture will not be truthful. The backstory.The Inspector general of the CIA last month released a 2004 report on the interrogation of A1 Qaeda suspects. As my colleague Mark Hosenball reported, it and other internal documents (which Cheney called on the CIA to release, believing they would back his claim) do not show that torture worked. In fact, The New York Times reported, the documents â€Å"do not refer to any specific interrogation methods and do not assess their effectiveness. Scientists do not pretend to know, in any individual case, whether torture might extract useful Information.But as neurobiologist Shane O'Mara of the Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience in Dublin explains in a paper in the Journal Trends in Cognitive Science called â€Å"Torturing the Brain,† â€Å"the use of such techniques appears motivated by a folk psychology that Is demonstrably incorrect. Solid scientific evidence on how repeated and extreme stress and pain affect memory and executive functions (such as planning or forming intentions) suggests these techniques are unlikely to do anything other than the opposite of that ntended by coercive or ‘enhanced' interrogation. As you can see, torture is unreliable.

Debate of Gore/Bush

Gore believes that teachers should be able to have one on one sessions with their students and in order to do so he believes that classrooms should be smaller and more teachers should be hired. In order to hire more teachers he believes that teachers who teach a subject which was their own major should receive a bonus. He feels that education is important because â€Å"the students of today build the economy of tomorrow.† Bush believes that education is our first priority in this country. He believes that education should be both flexible for the students and the educators. He believes that more money should go into school funding and teachers should have a pay increase. He feels as though literacy is a big problem among children and he moves toward a structure of education that ensures a child his ability to read. Gore seems to be working towards helping the middle class population and hopes to pass a bill to give the middle class a tax cut. Bush is for big business and free enterprise. He feels that the government should not regulate big businesses and that competition in the economy is a very good thing.. Gore states that he is not afraid to take on drug companies to give medicare benefits to the elderly and bring down prescription prices to fit the elderly needs. He believes that we should slowly move step by step towards universal health coverage. He wants to make the health care plan better for those who have one and provide a health care plan for those who do not. Within four years he wants to make health care available for every child. He spoke of tax credit for individual health plans and an encouragement to businesses to give health care twenty-five percent credit. Bush is opposed to a national health care system. He stated that in the eight years that Clinton and Gore served nothing was done about medicare or social security. Bush also believes that Gore†s plans for healthcare cannot be carried out with our country†s budget and Bush believes Gore is a big spender. Bush stated how he provided health care for everyone in Texas and how a national health care plan would fail. I feel as though both candidates were pushing to get all of the issues in within this last debate and that made them not have much backup for all of their statements. I think this was just a â€Å"playground argument† between the two candidates. They both were trying to say they were the better candidate but they truly did not give us a reason why. Both candidates seemed to have some optimistic ideas for America but I just don†t see how some of their bills and plans would ever work. Although the debate did not show a good turnout for me I still feel as though Gore has more intelligence on his behalf and has exactly what America needs to expand us technologically.

Current Historical Examples Constraints Opportunities Work Organisation Economics Essay

Work administration ( WO ) has a great and important impact non merely on a micro-firm degree but besides on national and planetary degrees as it influences political, societal and economic systems. WO is a wide construct with no rigorous definition as it deals with the manner work is organised and managed. The most successful and widely used signifier of WO is the capitalist labor procedure ( CLP ) , as can be seen by the laterality, success and increasing influence of western ( Anglo-Saxon ) CLP. There are nevertheless legion alternate work administration ( AWO ) structures in pattern in many states around the universe, many with their ain viing political, economic and societal political orientation, born out of historical and cultural patterns or revolution. Nevertheless in an progressively globalized and competitory universe AWO constructions have to turn out their sustainability and profitableness, while foregrounding their possible benefits over CLP, disputing the position quo and reshaping the predominating ideas on current signifiers of work administration. In this essay I will look at the both theoretical and practical facets of AWO both in a current and historical context and compare it with the CLP on a planetary degree. We begin with the CLP ‘s which is an economic and societal system where capital and the non-labour factors of production ( the agency of production ) are in private controlled to bring forth a trade good which has exchange-value every bit good as surplus-value, ( value of trade good is greater than the amount of the values of the trade goods used to bring forth it ) , in order to do a net income. Production is technically and socially organised to pull out maximal net income which is cardinal to CLP, therefore it is in the best involvement of capitalist/management to arouse the consent of workers in add-on to straight commanding them in order to use their creativeness and inventiveness of the work force ( Braverman, 1974 ) . Furthermore, labour, goods and capital are traded in markets ; and net incomes distributed to proprietors or invested in engineerings and industries. The chief characteristics of CLP are ; workers work for the capitalist, non for themselves and are separated from the agencies of production, ( the merchandise and its production procedure belong to the capitalist ) . They ( workers ) can non transform nature and autonomously supply their ain support as they do non hold entree to raw stuffs ( land or minerals ) or means of production ( tools and machines ) or proficient cognition. Additionally, workers work in an environment controlled in a â€Å" proper † mode set-out by the capitalist ( working-rules ) , they have nil to sell other than their labor ( but, unlike slaves, they are ‘free ‘ to sell it ) . However in order to last they must sell their labor to capitalists in return for rewards as a agency to last, this acts as a self-motivating factor to roll up resources ( money ) for themselves. Criticism of CLP is chiefly based around disaffection, where the worker is unable to command their work and work environment. This is due to the division of labor, which is the contracting down of the set of single undertakings and procedures in production, and seen as the thrust for profitableness and efficiency ( Braverman, 1974 ) . The division of labor is necessary in order to spread out production appropriate cognition and better engineering. Consequently, the liberty, creativeness and ability of the single employee were made wholly independent of work. Marx points out the following points of disaffection under capitalist economy, ( 1 ) Alienation from the merchandises of their labor, workers do non command what they produce taking to the inability to fulfill basic demands ( nutrient, apparels etc ) straight through their work. This was further increased by the distance between the figure of things produced and workers lack of entree to them, taking to stuff, cultural and moral poverty. ( 2 ) Alienation from the activity of work itself which led to a decrease in the creativeness lost with control of Labour Process ( LP ) given to the employer. Work becomes a agency to last hence more mentally and physically wash uping. ( 3 ) Workers are alienated from each other and the atomization of undertaking undermines cooperation farther estranging workers. They are besides made to vie with each other in a perpendicular hierarchal construction. Therefore alienated workers merely feel themselves outside work devising leisure go necessary to get the better of disaffection. This could take to a inclination to de-skilling in both fabrication and service industry. As a consequence ‘workers bring forthing more than their pay ‘ would take to the death of capitalist economy ( Marx, 1976 ) . Marx defined work as ‘a procedure between adult male and nature, by which adult male through his ain actions mediates, regulates and controls the metamorphosis between himself and nature ‘ . He emphasised that worlds should merely take and transform plenty for their basic demands. His ideal construct of work, which should do worlds experience self developed and self realized. Not like under capitalist economy where workers have no freedom or equality. This therefore led to the ideological and practical formation of AWO as a extremist battle of rank and file scheme for corporate action peculiarly in relation to the LP, decision-making, workers ‘ corporate actions and battles for emancipation from capitalists. AWOs consist of some of the undermentioned, Co-operativism which can be operated otherwise due to in different civilizations, and a proposal for an alternate economic system which is a participatory economic sciences. Co-operativism is a different manner of organizing concern through common ownership and democratic control of the endeavor. It differs from the capitalist economy in a figure of ways, unlike under capitalist economy power depends on the figure of portions owned by persons, there is non a hierarchal direction construction and net incomes and duties are shared every bit in co-ops. It operates basically to carry through the demands of their members. It seeks to supply the goods and services which their members need, for illustration, instruction and preparation are provided to better the ego development of workers, and it is the members who benefit most when the concern is successful. Another one of the major features of co-operatives is worker self-management ( WSM ) , this is the thought that those who produce should command their workplaces ; it is more than merely an economic activity and a agency of endurance. It is a beginning of originative fulfillment, self-development, self-actualisation and realization of one ‘s humanity through productive activity. The intent of being self managed was to spread out the chances for free originative activity by saving on labour clip during which people where obliged to execute activities which met their physical demands ( Marx, 1992 ) . The benefits of co-ops through WSM would be that all citizens/workers would be equal and have a say or ownership in the agencies of production that would let them to concentrate on what they are comparatively best at. In this alternate, net income is non the chief nonsubjective but alternatively the sweetening of person ‘s capablenesss by revolving undertakings and transforming work into an enriching, originative and socially utile agencies of being while extinguishing the disaffection of CLP construction. However there is no specific manner in which the co-ops is carried out and different states and parts have differing co-ops harmonizing to their civilization and societal and political systems as the undermentioned illustrations will demo: Advocates of the existent socialism tradition, which is a radical option imposed by authorities based on collectives. The province is directed to act like every bit houses in a capitalist economic system, contend that it combines the advantages of a planned economic system with the efficiencies that result from the usage of markets as an exchange mechanism ( Estrin 1991 ) . Get downing with the most utmost signifier which was communism and was most apparent in the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR ) , the system seeks to pull off both the economic system and society through a cardinal authorities which ensures centralized control and corporate ownership of belongings to accomplish both classlessness and statelessness. The design was that the province would keep the state ‘s assets in trust for the workers who would be working for their ain and general and each other ‘s good with all being equal. This political orientation spread across Europe including Poland and Czechoslovakia in the early 1900s and took on assorted signifiers, such as, in the former Yugoslavia where workers ‘ council were established at the behest of the workers ( Sturmthal, 1964 ) due to the dissatisfaction with the bureaucratic and statist discrepancy of socialism. In Russia, nevertheless, representative and regulating map of the first workers ‘ council were replaced with a more political and bureaucratic theoretical account. Most endeavors and industries were nationalized and the province controlled virtually all facets of work and production, with workers holding small say. In 1948 nevertheless Yugoslavia was expelled from the communist Eastern axis and accordingly lost the Eastern markets. Political and economic isolation forced the Yugoslav leaders to experiment with new economic theoretical accounts ( Schrenk, et al 1979 ) . Under the new construct of â€Å" societal ownership † ( although this is still the existent socialism tradition, but different at some facets ) , neither the province nor single citizens nor workers lawfully owned the assets or capital of productive endeavors. Rather, assets were made available to single independent endeavors, which were in bend governed by the new workers ‘ councils ( Huselid, 1995 ) . Collectives were besides free to put their ain internal pay ratios. The purpose was to increase worker engagement in the decision-making procedure and was widely viewed as critical in procuring and heightening employee satisfaction and productiveness in organisations ( Witt, 1992 ) . As a consequence Yugoslavia experienced a comparative economic roar between 1950 and the mid-1970s, when the state had one of the highest growing rates in the universe ( Sturmthal, 1964 ) . Another good illustration of co-ops is the democratic community-Kibbutz system runing in Israel, this can besides be seen as a type of co-ops named socialist tradition which opposes to private belongings and capitalist economy and has multifunctional concerted communities. More features of how this type operates can be found in the undermentioned illustration: In the mid-1970s in Kibbutz, it was the ‘normative ‘ theoretical account of pull offing industry through its internal political organic structures. In its authoritative signifier merely members participated in the disposal and direction of all domains of life on the Kibbutz, to stress equality, many works directors had same uniforms as their workers. The chief ends were industrialisation and for persons to recognize their accomplishments and abilities which would take to an economic roar, while accomplishing direct democracy, freedom and autonomy in labor. Other purposes were to advance exports, defense mechanism production and cut down imports. The theoretical accounts characteristics of self-management include ; single freedom, corporate ownership of industrial workss, outgos and income besides belonged to the Kibbutz. The democratically elected Kibbutz assembly made determinations on production and investing programs. The Kibbutz system enjoyed success for many old ages prior to the mid-1980s. Palgi ( 1984 ) stated that compared to workers under capitalist mills, workers in Kibbutz workss had more chances to open them for promotion and in make up one's minding how the work would be carried out. However despite the diminution of the Kibbutz co-op system, elements of it have been adopted across the Earth, one such illustration of a current industrial democracy is Suma Wholefoods Coop, a just trade and organic merchandise distribution house established in 1974 in the UK. The house considers itself a ‘radical concern ‘ as it does non organize itself in a conventional manner such as through division of labor and separation between direction and worker, and hierarchy system. All worker proprietors are responsible for direction and involved in determination devisings for major strategic issues, company officers are appointed by the direction commission, and most ‘radically ‘ all workers from officers to warehouse baggers are on the same rewards and they are encouraged to make assorted occupations with different accomplishments, for illustration, drivers will work in the warehouse or in the office for two yearss a hebdomad. This is to promote multi-skilling and occupation rotary motion, in a command to hike morale and self-fulfilment and a sense of worth as envisaged by Marx. Another different type of co-ops is economic crisis tradition, which defends thoughts of common belongings, common work, equal wages and workplace democracy. An illustration of economic crisis tradition is the Bauen hotel in Argentina, which was reopened and operated as a co-op in summer 2004 after following the state ‘s fiscal prostration ( 2001- 2002 ) . Today, despite an on-going ownership struggle with the ex-owner over the legal expropriation of the edifice, the Bauen operates at 80 % capacity and has hired about 80 extra workers. The hierarchal and autocratic signifiers of organisation that characterized work-life at the hotel in the yesteryear have been officially replaced by corporate decision-making procedures and an classless ethos, free of from foremans and directors. Another illustration of co-ops is seen in the solidarity and concerted motion in Venezuela, where the purposes are non merely those of the co-ops and WSM ends but to besides to beef up Venezuelan independency and sovereignty, by puting up a national production web to cut down dependance on imports and foreign. â€Å" The different attacks adopted since 2000 were foremost a strengthening of co-ops, chiefly through revenue enhancement inducements. Then the creative activity of Social production companies [ EPS ] and eventually the Socialistic Enterprises every bit good as the construct of endogenous development, normative orientation of production organisation, and province occupation preparation † ( Azzellini, 2009 ) . The overall end was ab initio defined as a â€Å" humanistic and solidarity economic system. † In an EPS, an employee ‘s place should non give him or her any privileges, and the internal organisation of work should follow a democratic theoretical account. Work activities would be rotated, and disaffection in the production procedure should be bit by bit abolished. EPS are directed to weigh societal net income more than private net income, and direct their production toward societal demands instead than along the lines of selling and capital accretion. They are besides directed to put portion of their net incomes ( 10-15 % ) in local societal undertakings and substructure, incorporating themselves into the surrounding communities through the community councils, every bit good as being transparent and publically accountable ( Azzellini, 2009 ) . We can see from above that all these signifiers of co-ops have similarities in that there is less managerial supervising as determinations are meant to be made democratically due to the higher equality amongst members. This besides means, more enriching as net incomes are every bit shared out. Cooperatives can besides be implemented on a national or steadfast degree due to their flexibleness and the fact that they incorporate like-minded people. The advantages of all these signifiers of co-ops were improved societal contact in the on the job collective and enhanced equality. When doing determinations together, workers communicate more with each other and with their directors. In the self-management system, workers â€Å" exercise control over work † while take parting in the direction procedure and workers besides viewed the system positively ( Grandjean & A ; ToA? , 1987 ) . However the AWO constructions portion many of the same drawbacks, and the same facets that made these options attractive are now the designers of their ruin and oppugning their feasibleness in an progressively globalised and competitory profit-driven universe economic system. Market competition challenges these accomplishments, as workers can command and make up one's mind production, but can non independently act upon the market ( monetary values, crisis, offer and demand ) . The market hence can non suit consensus but immediate determinations. Most of these AWO besides suffered from technological retardation and a deficiency of sufficient capital as they had different attacks to profitableness and efficiency every bit compared to capitalist economy. This is most apparent in Argentina where mills were the victims of the market oriented reforms which opened the economic system to international competition ( Atzeni & A ; Ghigliani, 2007 ) . Problems are farther compounded by the demand to hold democratic constructions and decision-making surveies in four Argentinean mills found that where each worker can freely show sentiments and acquire involved in decision-making guaranteed by legislative act ( Atzeni & A ; Ghigliani, 2007 ) . The possibility of coercing direction councils to name a mass meeting provided that a minimal figure of workers formulate a common petition creates a changeless tenseness which ever seems to be present between the demand to portion information, corporate decision-making, and the demand to centralise the same procedure in the custodies of a restricted figure of workers. Decisions need to be taken in relation to concern, and by the most competent people. There therefore should be a priori docket for interfering with the democratic decision-making procedure. In regard of this facet, a inclination to cut down the infinite for corporate decision-making can be discerned and accordingly there occurs a natural separation between production and direction workers. Furthermore this besides created a farther job in AWOs because most workers lacked the needed cognition and competency to do the necessary investing and fiscal determinations, and as a consequence, there are inclinations towards the intrenchment of decision-making elites within the worker councils over clip ( Obradovic, 1975 ) . Frequent occupation and leader ( s ) rotary motion seen as a solution can take to a state of affairs in which unqualified people were running the economic system and lead to incorrect determination devising and hapless leading and administration. Besides the democratic decision-making procedure can be slow therefore losing the concern chances and hence bing money. Furthermore, the sophisticated industrial works of today agencies that non everyone can make the same occupation as some require specialist cognition acquired through expensive higher acquisition or old ages of experience in order to bring forth maximal efficiency. This limits the worker ‘s ability to present alterations in the LP, the proficient division of labor shows no significant differences with the production of capitalist economy. Another major challenge for AWO ‘s is how to actuate workers while at the same clip alining their ends with the long-run involvements of the organisation. Some critics argued that these systems encourage inordinate pay payments, such as can in Suma Wholefoods where they all every bit paid despite their work. Plus unsustainable occupation security warrants, and other inefficient patterns and inducement jobs ( Kavcic & A ; Cibron 1992 ) . One key job cited in this respect was local workers council penchants for pay and employment protection at the disbursal of capital reinvestment in the endeavor, since workers lost all claims to a house ‘s future returns if they exited the house. This may hold generated a inclination to favor current income over long-run investing ( Estrin 1991 ) . This besides applies to other signifiers of AWOs. It has been argued that the aggregative system of self-management had an built-in inclination toward high unemployment because income is every bit shared, hence there is a opposition by bing members to take on new employees as incumbent workers are interested in income maximization. Workers councils hence did non cut down unemployment rates to the extent that might be expected within an officially socialist state ( Pejovich, 1979 ) . In other less socialist and more communist provinces like Russia where that province controlled employment at that place tended to be low rewards and under-employment due to the high figure of employees. The increased globalization and force per unit areas to be profitable in order to stay in competitory and in being has besides claimed many AWOs for illustration the Kibbutz system succumbed to weakening corporate political orientation ( Talmon, 1970 ) , and altering in the economic state of affairs ( Rosner & A ; Getz, 1994 ) , such as money being distributed every bit and non harmonizing to demand. There was besides a alteration in the Israeli society from socialist to capitalist. The crisis resulted in alterations in both industrial sector and community life, alterations include: re-prioritizing the aims that an industrial works should accomplish. Profitability and non workers demands became the primary concern for industry. Firms today besides see it important to hold a hierarchal construction with a clear division of authorization ( and labour ) among the different degrees. These alterations have a profound impact on the Kibbutz ‘s organisational construction and have threatened its economic and societal endurance. Another job of AWOs is that passage to a new system is complex, this is apparent from the Bauen hotel illustration, while there is no official hierarchy between workers in the Bauen, and hints of a capitalist commonsense persist. Specifically in the manner workers still hold onto the subjective perceptual experiences that a worker ‘s undertaking and place within the hotel should find their degree of engagement in decision-making procedures. Albert ( 2004 ) hence proposed an alternate economic system, participatory economic sciences ( parecon ) and seek to work out the jobs of AWOs mentioned before. Parecon has common characteristics of AWOs, it promotes equity, diverseness, solidarity, self-management and ecological balance, but this is a diverseness economic system, is built on workers and consumers councils, combines societal ownership, participatory planning allotment, council construction, balanced occupation composites, wage for attempt and forfeit, and participatory self-management with no category distinction. As for participatory planning, it does n't hold purchasers and Sellerss maximising their ain advantage each at the cost of the other. It does n't hold competitively determined monetary values and net income or excess maximization. For the solution of occupation rotary motion in co-ops, proposed balanced occupation composites in this system would guarantee that when workers participate in decision-making, they have been comparably prepared by their work with assurance, accomplishments, and cognition to make so. Balanced occupation composites distribute unequal undertakings empower certain sort of workers, e.g. coordinator category. The purpose of parecon is non to extinguish divisions of labor, but to redefining the division of labor by guaranting that over some sensible clip frame people should hold duty for some reasonable sequence of undertakings for which they are adequately trained and such that no 1 enjoys consistent advantages in footings of the empowerment effects of their work. This gives workers a just portion of burdensome and fulfilling or drilling and authorising undertakings. Although this establishes a division of labor, it does n't bring forth a category division between lasting order-givers and order-takers. However others argue that more solidarity might cut down privateness, or more self-management might cut down quality of end products. In add-on, although making absolutely balanced occupation composites is theoretically possible, can it be done in existent life state of affairss? The reply is really likely will be no, one of the grounds could be that preparation is socially dearly-won, it would be inefficient for gifted people to make humble undertakings. In decision AWOs theoretically work absolutely and accomplish the purposes that are set out, but they make the large premise that all worlds have homogeneousness in their physical and rational capablenesss and gifts and will be satisfied with being equal and an equal portion of net incomes no affair how much they put in compared to others, and will fulfill with holding no more than what they require to run into their demands. It besides does non see the institutional troubles of altering to and pull offing such systems such as guaranting equality ( .i.e through occupation rotary motion and democratic-voting ) , altering mentalities, or market system force per unit areas. Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez recognized publically on January 28, 2007, that it had been a ‘mistake ‘ to turn the employees into partial proprietors ( Azzellini 2009 ) . There seems to be no room for this political and economic political orientation in this globalised world/age of consumerism and private entrepreneurship, where greater value is placed on personal accomplishment and organisational efficiency. Despite these AWOs still have much to offer particularly in their practical facets, on a micro house degree such as Suma Wholefoods Coop and peculiarly in commanding decreasing natural resources. All members of capitalist societies are conditioned by constructions and procedures that appear to be independently of them and every bit long as the advantages of CLP remain, capitalist economy will be the dominant economic system in the universe, citizens and states will go on to take it over other AWOs.